作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that,whether,if和連接代詞what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及連接副詞how,when,where,why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義,只起連接作用;連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用,在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我們說什么,還不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英語晚會將在哪里舉行,還沒有宣布。
有時為避免句子頭重腳輕,常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首,而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下:
(1) It + be + 名詞 + that從句
(2)It + be + 形容詞 + that從句
(3)It + be + 動詞的過去分詞 + that從句
(4)It + 不及物動詞 + that 從句
另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時,謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
三、賓語從句
名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。
1. 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分,在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去,但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我們決不能認為自己什么都好,別人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后,賓語從句常用“(should)+ 動詞原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我堅持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令員命令部隊馬上出發(fā)。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句,應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告訴了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。