疫苗處于一種什么樣的地位?

疫苗處于一種什么樣的地位?

Facts:

事實(shí)

There are 14 different vaccines that are recommended for children between birth and age six, including those for diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, influenza, measles, mumps and rubella.

有14種不同的疫苗推薦給從出生至6歲的兒童，包括白喉、百日咳、破傷風(fēng)、流感、麻疹、腮腺炎和風(fēng)疹疫苗。

For more than 100 years, there has been public discord regarding vaccines based on issues like individual rights, religious freedoms, distrust of government and the effects that vaccines may have on the health of children.

100多年來(lái)，由于個(gè)人權(quán)利、宗教自由、對(duì)政府的不信任以及疫苗可能對(duì)兒童健康產(chǎn)生的影響等問(wèn)題，公眾對(duì)疫苗的看法一直存在分歧。

Vaccines fall into three general categories: medical, religious and philosophical.

疫苗一般分為三類(lèi):醫(yī)學(xué)、宗教和哲學(xué)。

Median immunization coverage for state-required vaccines was approximately 94.3% for children entering kindergarten during the 2017-2018 school year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

根據(jù)疾病控制和預(yù)防中心(CDC)的數(shù)據(jù)，國(guó)家要求2017-2018學(xué)年進(jìn)入幼兒園的兒童，疫苗的免疫覆蓋率中位數(shù)約為94.3%。

Timeline:

時(shí)間軸：

1855 - Massachusetts mandates that school children are to be vaccinated (only the smallpox vaccine is available at the time).

1855年---馬薩諸塞州規(guī)定學(xué)生必須接種疫苗(當(dāng)時(shí)只有天花疫苗)。

November 13, 1922 - The US Supreme Court denies any constitutional violation in Zucht v. Kingin which Rosalyn Zucht believes that requiring vaccines violates her right to liberty without due process.

1922年11月13日---美國(guó)最高法院否認(rèn)在Zucht v. Kingin案中有任何違反憲法的行為，Rosalyn Zucht認(rèn)為，在沒(méi)有正當(dāng)程序的情況下，要求接種疫苗侵犯了她的自由權(quán)。

1952 - Dr. Jonas Salk and his team develop a vaccine for polio. A nationwide trial leads to the vaccine being declared in 1955 to be safe and effective.

1952年---喬納斯·索爾克博士和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)了一種脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗。1955年，一項(xiàng)全國(guó)性的試驗(yàn)證明這種疫苗是安全有效的。

1963 - The first measles vaccine is released.

1963年---首支麻疹疫苗問(wèn)世。

August 10, 1993 - Congress passes the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act which creates the Vaccines for Children Program, providing qualified children free vaccines.

1993年8月10日---國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了《兒童疫苗綜合預(yù)算協(xié)調(diào)法案》，為兒童提供合格的免費(fèi)疫苗。

2011 - Investigative reporter Brian Deer writes a series of articles in the BMJ exposing Wakefield's fraud. The articles state that he used distorted data and falsified medical histories of children that may have led to an unfounded relationship between vaccines and the development of autism.

2011年---調(diào)查記者布萊恩·迪爾在《英國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》上發(fā)表了一系列文章，揭露韋克菲爾德的欺詐行為。文章指出，他使用了扭曲的數(shù)據(jù)和偽造的兒童病史，這可能導(dǎo)致了疫苗與自閉癥發(fā)展之間毫無(wú)根據(jù)的關(guān)系。

2011 - The US Public Health Service finds that 63% of parents who refuse and delay vaccines do so for fear their children could have serious side effects.

2011年---美國(guó)公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)，63%的父母因?yàn)閾?dān)心孩子會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的副作用而拒絕或推遲接種疫苗。

January 10, 2017 - Notable vaccine skeptic Robert F. Kennedy Jr. meets with President-elect Donald Trump. Afterwards, Kennedy tells reporters he agreed to chair a commission on "vaccination safety and scientific integrity." A Trump spokeswoman later says that no decision has been made about setting up a commission on autism.

2017年1月10日---著名的疫苗懷疑論者小羅伯特·f·肯尼迪會(huì)見(jiàn)了當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普。之后，肯尼迪告訴記者，他同意主持一個(gè)關(guān)于“疫苗安全和科學(xué)誠(chéng)信”的委員會(huì)。特朗普的一位發(fā)言人后來(lái)表示，目前還沒(méi)有決定成立一個(gè)自閉癥委員會(huì)。

2019 - As of August 15, the CDC has confirmed 1,203 individual cases of measles in 30 states.

2019年---截至8月15日，美國(guó)疾病控制和預(yù)防中心已在30個(gè)州確認(rèn)了1,203例麻疹病例。