揭秘：中國古代皇家如何慶祝春節(jié)？

快過年了，家家戶戶都忙著采辦年貨，辭舊迎新。老百姓在春節(jié)期間都會(huì)穿新衣、吃餃子、掛春聯(lián)、走親戚，這些都是從古代延續(xù)至今的傳統(tǒng)。那么，你可知道古代的皇帝、娘娘們是怎么慶祝春節(jié)的嗎?皇帝過年是不是也吃餃子呢?

The painting portrays the Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty enjoying snow in the royal palace during the Spring Festival. [Photo/Official Weibo account of the Palace Museum]

特別的服飾和餐食

Like common people, the ancient emperors would wear special clothes and arrange a special dinner for the big occasion.

和普通人一樣，古代帝王也會(huì)穿特別的衣服，并安排特別的年夜飯。

On the Chinese New Year's Eve, the final day of the 12th month in the Lunar Calendar, the emperor would solemnly wear a bright yellow dragon robe stitched with gold and colored thread, and embroidered with dragon patterns and 12 ornaments. The emperor would also wear a fur coat, a crown on the head and court beads on chest. The whole garment in bright colors symbolizes auspiciousness and a prosperous nation.

在除夕這天，皇帝會(huì)穿上莊嚴(yán)的亮黃色龍袍，上面用金線和彩線繡出龍的圖案及其他12種裝飾圖案和花紋?；实圻€會(huì)穿一件毛皮大衣，頭上戴皇冠，胸前掛朝珠。這套顏色鮮艷的服飾象征著國家繁榮昌盛。

A dragon robe from the Qing Dynasty. [Photo/Official Weibo account of the Palace Museum]

The first dinner in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) royal court was dumplings, just like common families. During the early Qing Dynasty, the emperor would eat dumplings with vegetable filling in Zhaoren Hall after the worship ceremony on New Year's Eve.

和普通人家一樣，清代皇宮的年夜飯中也有餃子。在清代早期，皇帝在除夕的祭拜儀式過后，會(huì)在昭仁殿內(nèi)吃素餡餃子。

Until the late Qing Dynasty, the Guangxu Emperor changed the dumpling eating location to the Hall of Mental Cultivation (Yangxin Dian) and the stuffing became various kinds of meat. The Empress Dowager Cixi would invite wives of royal families and princesses to the royal court to make dumplings together on New Year's Eve and sit together for a dumpling feast on the early morning of the New Year's Day.

到了晚清時(shí)期，光緒皇帝就把吃餃子的地方挪到了養(yǎng)心殿，餃子餡也改為各種肉餡。慈禧太后會(huì)在除夕邀請王公貴族的福晉和格格們進(jìn)宮一起包餃子，并在大年初一一大早坐在一起吃餃子。

In addition, family feasts were also indispensable. The emperor would host family feasts with the queen, concubines and princes respectively. The feasts were held strictly in accordance with etiquette, such as the number of dishes, the color and quality of the tableware as well as the order of seats. Though called a family feast, the form and etiquette are more important than appetite.

此外，家庭聚餐也是必不可少的?；实蹠?huì)分別和皇后、妃嬪和阿哥們聚餐。家庭聚餐會(huì)嚴(yán)格遵守禮節(jié)，包括碗碟數(shù)量、餐具的顏色和質(zhì)地以及入座順序等都有規(guī)定。盡管被稱作家庭聚餐，但是進(jìn)餐的形式和禮節(jié)比食欲更為重要。

A delicate flower-patterned plate set from the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. [Photo/Official Weibo account of the Palace Museum]

The royal court also obeyed the traditional custom of staying up all night on New Year's Eve, so a midnight snack would be prepared for the emperor, which always included fresh and dried fruit displayed in auspicious patterns.

宮廷也要遵守除夕守歲的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗，所以還會(huì)為皇帝準(zhǔn)備夜宵，夜宵里少不了擺成吉利樣式的新鮮水果和干果。

春節(jié)期間的娛樂活動(dòng)

At the end of the New Year's Eve, also the start of the Chinese New Year, the emperor would wear formal dress and walk to the Dongnuan Pavilion in the Yangxin Dian, lighting a jade candle, pouring wine into the Cup of Solid Gold and then write auspicious words for the new year such as "Peace reigns over the country" or "Propitious weather for the crops". Then the emperor would drink Tusu wine, specially made for the Spring Festival, meant to get rid of plague and strengthen the body for the new year.

到了除夕的尾聲，也就是農(nóng)歷新年的開端，皇帝會(huì)穿上正式的服裝，走到養(yǎng)心殿的東暖閣點(diǎn)亮一枝玉燭，往純金的杯子中倒酒，為新年寫一些吉利的字詞，比如“天下太平”，或者“風(fēng)調(diào)雨順”。接下來皇帝會(huì)飲用為春節(jié)特制的屠蘇酒，寓意是祛除瘟疫，強(qiáng)健身體。

The Dongnuan Pavilion in the Yangxin Dian of the Forbidden City. [Photo/Official Weibo account of the Palace Museum]

The Cup of Solid Gold from the Qing Dynasty (L); A writing brush used by ancient emperors from the Qing Dynasty. [Photo/Official Weibo account of the Palace Museum]

From the second day of the first lunar month to the 10th day, an auspicious day would be chosen to hold a tea party, in which the emperor would invite dukes and ministers to create poetry under his rule and well-performed officials would be rewarded.

正月初二到初十期間，會(huì)選擇一個(gè)吉利的日子來舉行茶會(huì)，皇帝會(huì)邀請諸侯百官，定下規(guī)則請大家作詩，表現(xiàn)出色的官員將獲得嘉獎(jiǎng)。

During the ancient times when there was no television, a major recreation in the royal court was watching Chinese operas, which had to be lively and auspicious. Several emperors in the Qing Dynasty would act in operas themselves, such as the Qianlong Emperor, Daoguang Emperor and Tongzhi Emperor. The Guangxu Emperor could even beat drums.

古代沒有電視，皇宮里主要的娛樂活動(dòng)就是看戲，劇目要熱鬧喜慶。清代的幾位皇帝還會(huì)親自參演，比如乾隆皇帝、道光皇帝和同治皇帝。光緒皇帝甚至還會(huì)打鼓。

A helmet (L) and a garment used in opera performance from the Qing Dynasty.[Photo/Official Weibo account of the Palace Museum]

掛春聯(lián)，貼門神

Hanging spring couplets and pasting door gods is a major custom during the Spring Festival. But in the Forbidden City, with its many palaces and doors, that would require a great deal of labor.

掛春聯(lián)、貼門神是春節(jié)期間的重要傳統(tǒng)。但在紫禁城有這么多的宮門，都貼上還真得費(fèi)不少力氣。

The spring couplets in the royal court were mainly written by members of the Imperial Academy who were scholars of calligraphy. However, as there were many taboos in writing spring couplets, they could not showcase their talents entirely.

皇宮中的春聯(lián)主要由翰林院的書法大師寫就。但是，因?yàn)閷懘郝?lián)有諸多禁忌，他們不能完全施展出自己的才華。

Regular script of the Chinese character fu (blessing) from the Qing Dynasty (L); Spring couplets from the Qing Dynasty. [Photo/Official Weibo account of the Palace Museum]

The Ministry of Works and the Imperial Household Department were in charge of making the spring couplets and door gods in the royal palace, which would usually be expensive.

詹事府和內(nèi)務(wù)府負(fù)責(zé)制作皇宮里的春聯(lián)和門神，通常都花不少錢。

Door gods from the Qing Dynasty. [Photo/Official Weibo account of the Palace Museum]

Unlike folk families, the spring couplets in the royal palace were written on white silk using ink, then framed and hung on the bright red pillars of the palaces. Thus the color contrast was enhanced to make the spring couplets more clear.

和民間不同，皇宮里的春聯(lián)是用墨寫在白絹上，然后裝裱加框后掛在皇宮的紅柱上。白色和紅色的強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比讓春聯(lián)上的字更鮮明。

The couplets in the royal palaces were quite numerous and were mostly themed on eulogizing peaceful and flourishing eras, the emperor's merits and virtues, or blessings for a prosperous country and contented people.

皇宮里的春聯(lián)很多，主題大多數(shù)是歌頌和平昌盛的年代，稱贊皇帝的功德，或祈禱國泰民安。

No matter the superior emperor or common people, whether the ancient royal palace or modern families, the joyous mood and blessing for a better year during the Spring Festival has never changed.

無論是高高在上的皇帝還是普通老百姓，無論是在古代皇宮還是在現(xiàn)代家庭，春節(jié)期間的喜悅心情和對(duì)更美好的來年的祝福從來不曾改變過。

[Photo/Official Weibo account of the Palace Museum]