替罪羊（scapegoat）、敗家羊（black sheep），為何英語(yǔ)中背鍋的總是羊

英語(yǔ)中把代人受罪、替人“背鍋”的人稱(chēng)為“scapegoat”，意思就是替罪羊，把家族中有辱門(mén)第的成員稱(chēng)為“black sheep”，相當(dāng)于中文里的敗家子、害群之馬?？赡阒罏槭裁刺孀锏?、敗家的偏偏是羊，而不是貓、狗、豬、?；蛘咂渌麆?dòng)物嗎?

Scapegoat

例句：

I don't think I deserve to be made the scapegoat for a couple of bad results.

我認(rèn)為我不該為出現(xiàn)的一些不良后果充當(dāng)替罪羊。

The word scapegoat was first coined by English Protestant scholar William Tyndale in his 1530 English translation of the Bible, according to a book written by David Dawson. Tyndale, who was deciphering Hebrew descriptions of Yom Kippur rituals from the Book of Leviticus, recounted a ceremony in which one of two goats was selected by lot. A high priest would place his hands on the goat’s head and confess his people's sins— thus transferring them to the animal—before casting it out into the wilderness to rid Israel of its transgressions. As for the other goat, it would be sacrificed to the Lord.

根據(jù)大衛(wèi)•達(dá)沃森的著作，scapegoat(替罪羊)一詞是英國(guó)新教學(xué)者威廉•廷代爾最先發(fā)明的，他在1530年的英譯版《圣經(jīng)》中創(chuàng)造了這個(gè)詞。廷代爾將《利未記》中關(guān)于猶太人贖罪日儀式的希伯來(lái)文描述翻譯成英文，在這個(gè)儀式上，兩只山羊中有一只被命運(yùn)選中。大祭司要把手放在被選中的那只山羊頭頂，以寬恕上帝的子民犯下的罪行(這個(gè)動(dòng)作表示把罪惡轉(zhuǎn)移到山羊身上)，然后將山羊放生，從而幫以色列人贖罪。至于另外一只羊，則將作為犧牲獻(xiàn)給上帝。

Tyndale coined the word scapegoat to describe the sin-bearing creature, interpreting the Hebrew word azazel or Azazel as ez ozel, or "the goat that departs or escapes." That said, some scholars have disagreed with his interpretation, claiming that Azazel actually stands for the name of a goat-like wilderness demon, whom the offering was meant for, or a specific location in the desert to where sins were banished, often thought to be a mountainous cliff from which the scapegoat was cast off and killed.

為了詮釋希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)單詞Azazel(逃跑的山羊)的意思，廷代爾創(chuàng)造了scapegoat一詞，用來(lái)指代承擔(dān)罪行的生物。據(jù)說(shuō)，有些學(xué)者并不贊同廷代爾的解釋?zhuān)J(rèn)為Azazel實(shí)際上是指一個(gè)存在于荒野間的酷似山羊的惡魔，而祭祀的山羊就是為它準(zhǔn)備的。又或者Azazel指的是沙漠中某處可以洗刷罪惡的地點(diǎn)，人們一般認(rèn)為是一處將替罪羊拋下來(lái)殺死的高聳峭壁。

Over the centuries, the word scapegoat became disassociated with its Biblical meaning, and it eventually became used as a metaphor to describe a person who shoulders the blame of any wrongdoing.

幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，scapegoat這個(gè)單詞已經(jīng)和圣經(jīng)里的意思無(wú)關(guān)了，它最終用來(lái)指代承擔(dān)所有罪責(zé)的人。

至于black sheep，如果你以為是“黑色的綿羊”，那可就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。

Black sheep

例句：

As the owner of the factory I'm like the head of a family, and as such I can't allow any black sheep among my employees.

我在廠里好比是一家之主，我不能容忍那種害群之馬。

In the English language, black sheep is an idiom used to describe an odd or disreputable member of a group, especially within a family. The term stems from the genetic effect in sheep whereby a recessive gene occasionally manifests in the birth of a sheep with black rather than white coloring; these sheep stand out in the flock and their wool was traditionally considered less valuable.

在英語(yǔ)中，black sheep這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)用于形容群體中格格不入或者聲名狼藉的成員，尤其是家族中。這種說(shuō)法來(lái)自于綿羊的一種遺傳效應(yīng)，有些新生綿羊因發(fā)生隱性遺傳長(zhǎng)成了黑色，而不是白色，這些羊在羊群中格外扎眼，而它們的羊毛通常沒(méi)有什么價(jià)值。

Black wool was considered commercially undesirable because it could not be dyed. In 18th and 19th century England, the black color of the sheep was seen as the mark of the devil.

由于黑色的羊毛無(wú)法染色，因此沒(méi)有什么商業(yè)價(jià)值。在18世紀(jì)至19世紀(jì)的英格蘭，黑色的綿羊被視為魔鬼的象征。

In modern usage, the expression has lost some of its negative connotations, though the term is usually given to the member of a group who has certain characteristics or lack thereof deemed undesirable by that group.

在現(xiàn)代用語(yǔ)中，關(guān)于black sheep的一些負(fù)面含義已經(jīng)消失，不過(guò)，這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)還是經(jīng)常被用來(lái)形容群體中因具有某種特殊特征或缺陷，而不受該群體歡迎的成員。