漲知識(shí)！英國(guó)法官和律師的白色假發(fā)原來(lái)大有來(lái)頭

In England wigs remain an important part of formal courtroom attire for judges and barristers — the term there for lawyers.

在英國(guó)，假發(fā)一直是法官和出庭律師法庭制服的重要組成。

Many of the judges and barristers who wear wigs in court say the headpiece — also known as a peruke — brings a sense of formality and solemnity to proceedings.

許多法官和出庭律師表示，戴上這種假發(fā)會(huì)給訴訟程序增加莊嚴(yán)肅穆的儀式感。

Like many uniforms, wigs are an emblem of anonymity, an attempt to distance the wearer from personal involvement and a way to visually draw on the supremacy of the law, says Kevin Newton, a Washington, D.C.-based lawyer who studied law at the University of London. Wigs are so much a part of British criminal courts that if a barrister doesn't wear a wig, it's seen as an insult to the court.

來(lái)自華盛頓的律師凱文•牛頓曾在倫敦法學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)法律系。他表示，和其他制服一樣，假發(fā)是一種不露身份的象征，它試圖將佩戴者的個(gè)人情感與法庭分割開來(lái)，從視覺(jué)上塑造法律的至高無(wú)上性。假發(fā)在英國(guó)刑事法庭中意義重大，如果一個(gè)律師不戴假發(fā)，則會(huì)被視為對(duì)法庭的侮辱。

Barristers must wear a wig slightly frizzed at the crown, with horizontal curls on the sides and back. In addition, there are two long strips of hair that hang down below the hairline on the neck and sport a looped curl at each end. Different types of lawyers, though, have distinctions in the style of wig.

出庭律師佩戴的假發(fā)樣式必須是頭頂后部稍卷，兩側(cè)和后腦帶有水平卷曲。此外，脖子發(fā)際線下還要垂下兩縷長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的頭發(fā)，每縷末端也有一個(gè)環(huán)形卷曲。不同類型的律師，佩戴的假發(fā)風(fēng)格也有所不同。

A judge's wig is similar, but more ornate. It's a full wig, from a slightly frizzed top that transitions into tight horizontal curls that range several inches below the shoulders.

法官的假發(fā)樣式和律師的差不多，但更為華麗，是一頂全頭套假發(fā)，頂部微卷，向下逐漸變?yōu)闈饷艿乃骄砬?，長(zhǎng)度在肩膀以下幾英寸。

Most wigs are made of white horse hair, but as a wig yellows with age, it takes on a coveted patina that conveys experience.

大多數(shù)假發(fā)都是由白色的馬毛制成，但隨著時(shí)間推移，假發(fā)會(huì)變黃，散發(fā)出代表著經(jīng)驗(yàn)老道的光澤。

Horse hair may not seem like a particularly precious material, but pair specialty hair with an age-old craft of styling, sewing and gluing, and the resulting wigs aren't cheap. A judge's full-length wig can cost more than $3,000, while the shorter ones worn by barristers cost more than $500.

馬毛似乎不算特別珍貴的材質(zhì)，但將這些毛發(fā)用古老的工藝造型、縫紉、膠合，打造成假發(fā)并不便宜。一頂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)長(zhǎng)度的法官假發(fā)售價(jià)超過(guò)3000美元(約合人民幣2萬(wàn)元)，而出庭律師佩戴的短假發(fā)也要花費(fèi)500多美元(約合人民幣3300元)。

Wigs may have fallen out of general men's fashion over the centuries, but when wigs first made their appearance in a courtroom, they were part and parcel of being a well-dressed professional.

在過(guò)去的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里，假發(fā)已經(jīng)從普通男士時(shí)尚中消失了。但當(dāng)假發(fā)第一次出現(xiàn)在法庭上時(shí)，它是專業(yè)人士的得體穿著中必不可少的一部分。

In the 17th century, only the elite wore powdered wigs made of horsehair. Those who couldn't afford the elite garb but wanted to look the part wore wigs made of hair from goats, spooled cotton or human corpses.

在17世紀(jì)，只有社會(huì)精英才能佩戴馬毛制成的撲粉假發(fā)。而那些買不起又想要充樣子的人，只能戴山羊毛、棉花或死人毛發(fā)制成的假發(fā)。

Wigs began to catch on in the late 16th century when an increasing number of people in Europe were contracting the STD. Without widespread treatment with antibiotics, people with syphilis were plagued by rashes, blindness, dementia, open sores and hair loss. The hair loss was particularly problematic in social circles.

假發(fā)在16世紀(jì)晚期開始流行。當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲越來(lái)越多的人感染了性病，由于當(dāng)時(shí)抗生素還沒(méi)有廣泛用于治療，感染者飽受皮疹、失明、癡呆、開放性潰瘍和脫發(fā)的折磨。而脫發(fā)的問(wèn)題在社交圈中尤為嚴(yán)重。

Wigs, when not used to cover syphilis-related hair loss, were a big help for those who had lice. After all, it was much more difficult to treat and pick through the hair on one's head than it was to sanitize a wig.

除了掩蓋性病導(dǎo)致的脫發(fā)，假發(fā)對(duì)長(zhǎng)虱子的人來(lái)說(shuō)也有很大幫助。畢竟處理頭發(fā)上的虱子要比給假發(fā)消毒麻煩多了。

Over time, wigs fell out of fashion with society as a whole. During the reign of England's King George III, from 1760 to 1820, wigs were worn by only a few — namely bishops, coachmen and those in the legal profession. And bishops were permitted to stop wearing them in the 1830s. But the courts kept wigs for hundreds of years more.

隨著時(shí)間的推移，假發(fā)不再流行于整個(gè)社會(huì)。1760-1820年，英國(guó)國(guó)王喬治三世在位期間，只有少數(shù)的主教、馬車夫和法律界人士佩戴假發(fā)。到19世紀(jì)30年代，主教獲準(zhǔn)停止佩戴假發(fā)。而法庭則將這項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)保留了數(shù)百年。

In 2007, though, new dress rules did away with barrister wigs — for the most part. Wigs were no longer required during family or civil court appearances, or when appearing before the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Wigs, however, remain in use in criminal cases.

2007年的新著裝規(guī)定基本免去了出庭律師的假發(fā)，當(dāng)律師在家事法庭、民事法庭或英國(guó)最高法院出庭時(shí)，不需要再佩戴假發(fā)。但在刑事案件中，需佩戴假發(fā)。

In the U.K. and Ireland, judges continued to wear wigs until 2011, when the practice was discontinued. In England, and other former English and British colonies — like Canada, for instance, whose provinces abandoned the wigs throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, or Jamaica which removed the wigs in 2013 — lawyers and judges now only wear wigs for ceremonies.

在英國(guó)和愛(ài)爾蘭，直到2011年法官佩戴假發(fā)的規(guī)定才取消。在英格蘭和其他英國(guó)的前殖民地，律師和法官只需在參加儀式時(shí)佩戴假發(fā)。例如，加拿大在19和20世紀(jì)就遺棄了這一傳統(tǒng)，而牙買加在2013年也取消了該規(guī)定。