消費(fèi)者有權(quán)拿回自己的數(shù)據(jù)

The boss of Telefónica put forward an interesting proposal at a recent breakfast at the Financial Times’ offices in London. Customers, José María Álvarez-Pallete suggested, should have control of their own data. They should be able to see how their data are used, and they should be able to take it with them on leaving the service provider.

在英國(guó)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》倫敦辦公室最近的一次早餐會(huì)上，西班牙電信(Telefónica)老板何塞•瑪麗亞•阿爾瓦雷斯-帕萊特(José María Álvarez-Pallete)提出了一個(gè)有趣的建議。他建議，客戶應(yīng)對(duì)自己的數(shù)據(jù)有控制權(quán)。他們應(yīng)該能看到他們的數(shù)據(jù)是如何被利用的，他們還應(yīng)可以在離開(kāi)服務(wù)供應(yīng)商時(shí)把這些數(shù)據(jù)帶走。

Mr Álvarez-Pallete’s suggestion was not casual. Telefónica is working on a platform, called Aura, a personal data space that would hold all the interactions that a customer had with the company. If the customer wanted, for example, to show their telephone payment schedule to a credit scoring company, they would be able to do so.

阿爾瓦雷斯-帕萊特的建議并不是隨隨便便提出的。西班牙電信正致力于一個(gè)名為“Aura”的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)空間平臺(tái)，將控制客戶與該公司之間的所有互動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)。例如，如果客戶希望向信用評(píng)分公司出示他們的電話賬單記錄，他們就能這么做。

To the journalists present, the proposal seemed radical. Why would Telefónica want to give our precious data back to us? We have become accustomed to treat as totally normal the idea that data gatherers — whether a telecoms company, a social media platform such as Facebook or a utility like an electricity provider — have first dibs on our information: what we do, how much we spend, where we go, what we watch, the food we eat, what music we like or the state of our health. In the UK, this has been most recently, and glaringly, manifested by news that a National Health Service trust handed over data on 1.6m patients to DeepMind, the artificial intelligence arm of Google, a decision that the regulator says “failed to comply with data protection law”.

對(duì)于與會(huì)的記者而言，這個(gè)提議顯得有些激進(jìn)。西班牙電信為何希望把我們寶貴的數(shù)據(jù)還給我們?我們習(xí)慣了視如下看法為再平常不過(guò)：數(shù)據(jù)收集者(不管是電信公司、Facebook等社交媒體平臺(tái)還是類似電力供應(yīng)商的公用事業(yè)單位)對(duì)于我們的信息有優(yōu)先權(quán)：我們是做什么的、我們花了多少錢(qián)、我們?nèi)チ四睦?、我們看什么、我們吃什么、我們喜歡哪種音樂(lè)、我們的健康狀況。在英國(guó)，最近這一點(diǎn)得到了清楚的展示，有消息稱，英國(guó)國(guó)民健康服務(wù)(National Health Service)的一個(gè)信托把160萬(wàn)患者的信息交給了谷歌(Google)旗下的人工智能公司DeepMind，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)表示，這一決定“未能遵守?cái)?shù)據(jù)保護(hù)法”。

We have little idea what personal data companies own about us, what they do with it, or where they store it. This does not just raise issues about privacy, but also security. It is also profoundly disempowering. Most people believe they should have as much control as possible of their intellectual property or their physical selves. So why should someone else own our data?

我們不清楚公司擁有關(guān)于我們的什么個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)、它們用這些數(shù)據(jù)干什么以及它們把數(shù)據(jù)存放在哪里。這不僅僅提出了有關(guān)隱私的問(wèn)題，還有安全問(wèn)題。這也嚴(yán)重削弱了我們的權(quán)利。多數(shù)人認(rèn)為，他們對(duì)于自己的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)或身體狀況應(yīng)擁有盡可能多的控制權(quán)。那么其他人憑什么擁有我們的數(shù)據(jù)?

There are, of course, good reasons why companies would resist handing back control. Customers’ data provides valuable information, which can be used to make those customers more profitable. Whether it is targeted advertising, or a customised news feed, our data are manipulated to keep us loyal to service providers or to tempt us to spend money.

當(dāng)然，公司反對(duì)交回控制權(quán)有著充分的理由?？蛻魯?shù)據(jù)提供了有價(jià)值的信息，可以用來(lái)讓這些客戶帶來(lái)更多利潤(rùn)。不管是定向廣告還是定制消息推送，我們的數(shù)據(jù)被人操縱，好讓我們忠誠(chéng)于服務(wù)供應(yīng)商或者引誘我們花錢(qián)。

Dictating our preferences in this way, though, is something we should consider resisting. It is comfortable, but dangerous, to be fed music we already like, or news that we want to read. It would be better, perhaps, if we could tell companies our preferences, broadening our interest and knowledge rather than forever narrowing it.

然而，用這種方法來(lái)支配我們的喜好是我們應(yīng)考慮抵制的。被推送我們已經(jīng)喜歡的音樂(lè)或者我們希望閱讀的新聞，這很舒服，但很危險(xiǎn)?；蛟S，更好的方式是我們告訴公司我們的偏好，拓展我們的興趣和知識(shí)，而不是永遠(yuǎn)在縮窄。

And for many companies, the personal nature of customer data is not necessarily its most useful quality. Once anonymised and aggregated, data cannot be attributed back to specific individuals, but can still be used by the companies who gather it to hone or develop products and services that respond to customers’ wants.

對(duì)于很多公司而言，客戶數(shù)據(jù)的個(gè)人性質(zhì)不一定是最有用的一點(diǎn)。一旦匿名和匯總，數(shù)據(jù)無(wú)法指向具體的個(gè)人，但對(duì)收集數(shù)據(jù)以改善或開(kāi)發(fā)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)以回應(yīng)客戶需求的公司仍然有用。

This could provide a possible pathway to future data control that pleases everyone. Several organisations, like CitizenMe or People.io, are working on private accounts that allow individuals or organisations to keep their own data in one place and choose when to share the information with others. The catchily named Hub of All Things, set up a few years ago by academics in the UK, means your personal data can be kept within a database over which you have full control. In future, you will be able to use a HAT to store your words, photos, locations, music and financial transactions — in short, your digital self — and exchange as much, or as little, of this self as you want. Your bank, for example, could be given permission to access your HAT, and to aggregate your data, once anonymised, with others for its own purposes.

這為未來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)讓所有人滿意的數(shù)據(jù)控制提供了可能的途徑。CitizenMe和People.io等數(shù)家機(jī)構(gòu)正在開(kāi)發(fā)私人賬戶，讓個(gè)人或組織可以將自己的數(shù)據(jù)保存在某處，并選擇什么時(shí)候與他人分享。這種數(shù)年前被英國(guó)學(xué)者創(chuàng)建、名字很吸引人的“萬(wàn)物中心”(Hub of All Things，簡(jiǎn)稱HAT)，意味著你的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)可以保存在一個(gè)你能夠完全控制的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里。在未來(lái)，你將能夠使用HAT存儲(chǔ)你的文字、相片、位置、音樂(lè)和金融交易——簡(jiǎn)言之?dāng)?shù)字化的自己——并按照自己心意分享或詳或簡(jiǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)。例如，你的銀行可能獲準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入你的HAT，并出于其自身目的將你的匿名后的數(shù)據(jù)與他人數(shù)據(jù)匯總。

New regulation coming down the road should give a boost to projects like the HAT. In Europe, the (less catchily named) General Data Protection Regulation, as well as proposed new ePrivacy legislation, will mean companies have to be much more transparent about what personal data they hold on their customers or users, and what they do with it. This provides a new opportunity for us to take back control.

即將出臺(tái)的新法規(guī)應(yīng)該會(huì)推動(dòng)HAT等項(xiàng)目。在歐洲，(名字不怎么吸引人的)《一般數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)條例》(General Data Protection Regulation)，以及擬議的新的電子隱私法，將意味著公司不得不更加公開(kāi)其持有的客戶或用戶的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)，以及它們用這些數(shù)據(jù)干什么。這為我們拿回控制權(quán)提供了新的機(jī)會(huì)。

This very opportunity, though, highlights the reasons why it may not be grasped. It is telling that a Google search for “why we should own our data” auto-corrects the search to “why we should own your data”. While customers get outraged when data breaches — at say, TalkTalk or Verizon — seem to hand access to their information to hackers, they are supine when it comes to its original surrender. All of us click on the “Accept terms and conditions” button without the bore of reading them through. There is little push, anywhere in the world, by individuals to demand companies hand them back their personal information. No wonder, then, that Telefónica is relatively unusual in proposing such a step.

然而，這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)本身又突顯出為何人們可能抓不住它。非常說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的是，谷歌一份關(guān)于“為何我們應(yīng)該擁有我們自己的數(shù)據(jù)”的研究，自動(dòng)更正為“為何我們應(yīng)該擁有你們的數(shù)據(jù)”。盡管消費(fèi)者憤怒于TalkTalk或Verizon等機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)據(jù)泄露似乎讓黑客獲得了他們信息，但他們?cè)谧畛踅怀鲎约旱臄?shù)據(jù)時(shí)卻毫不反抗。我們所有人在沒(méi)有通篇閱讀的情況下就點(diǎn)擊了“接受條款”按鈕。無(wú)論在世界上任何地方，個(gè)人都沒(méi)有做什么努力來(lái)要求公司將個(gè)人信息交還。難怪西班牙電信提議此類措施顯得相對(duì)罕見(jiàn)。

We are the first generation of people to give our information freely and in bulk to almost anyone who asks for it. We have allowed ourselves to be infantilised by the technology. Future users will hopefully be the adults.

我們是向幾乎所有管我們要信息的人隨意提供大量信息的第一代人。我們?nèi)斡杉夹g(shù)把我們嬰兒化。未來(lái)的用戶有望成熟起來(lái)。

The co-founder of the Hub of All Things, Professor Irene Ng, believes we are the “lost generation” — in the sense that our data, handed over casually in return for new services that we desire, are lost to us forever. But for future generations it is not too late to take responsibility and take it back.

HAT的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人Irene Ng教授認(rèn)為，我們是“失去的一代人”——我們隨意交出數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)?yè)Q取自己想要的新服務(wù)，但這些數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是永遠(yuǎn)失去了。但對(duì)未來(lái)的幾代人來(lái)說(shuō)，承擔(dān)起責(zé)任并拿回?cái)?shù)據(jù)還不算太晚。