為何你無(wú)法回憶起你的嬰兒時(shí)期？

From the most dramatic moment in life – the day of your birth – to first steps, first words, first food, right up to nursery school, most of us can’t remember anything of our first few years. How come?

從你一生當(dāng)中最激動(dòng)人心的時(shí)刻——你的出生日——開(kāi)始，到初次走路，初次說(shuō)話(huà)，初次吃東西，一直到上幼兒園，我們大多數(shù)人不記得生命長(zhǎng)河中頭幾年的事情了。這是怎么回事呢?

This gaping hole in the record of our lives has been baffling psychologists, neuroscientists and linguists for decades. It was a minor obsession of the father of psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud, who coined the phrase ‘infant amnesia’ over 100 years ago.

我們生命記錄中的這一空白已經(jīng)困擾心理學(xué)家、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家和語(yǔ)言學(xué)家數(shù)十年了。心理療法之父西格蒙德·弗洛伊德對(duì)此也頗有研究，他于100多年前創(chuàng)造了“嬰兒健忘癥“一詞。

Part of the puzzle comes from the fact that babies are, in other ways, sponges for new information, forming 700 new neural connections every second and wielding language-learning skills to make the most accomplished polyglot green with envy. The latest research suggests they begin training their minds before they’ve even left the womb.

從另一方面來(lái)說(shuō)，該困惑的部分原因在于嬰兒能夠不斷吸收新的信息，每秒鐘可形成700個(gè)新的神經(jīng)連接，并通過(guò)語(yǔ)言習(xí)得技能引得精通數(shù)國(guó)語(yǔ)言的人投之以羨慕之情。最新的研究表明，他們甚至在母親分娩之后便開(kāi)始訓(xùn)練自己的大腦了。

But even as adults, information is lost over time if there’s no attempt to retain it. So one explanation is that infant amnesia is simply a result of the natural process of forgetting the things we experience throughout our lives.

但即便是成年人，若不刻意記憶，信息也會(huì)隨著時(shí)光流逝而消失。因此，就有解釋稱(chēng)，嬰兒健忘癥僅僅是我們一生當(dāng)中忘記我們所經(jīng)歷過(guò)的事情這一自然過(guò)程的一個(gè)結(jié)果。

Our culture may also determine the way we talk about our memories, with some psychologists arguing that they only come once we have mastered the power of speech.

我們的文化也決定著我們談?wù)撚洃浟Φ姆绞健Ｒ恍┬睦韺W(xué)家稱(chēng)，只有當(dāng)我們掌握了說(shuō)話(huà)的能力，我們才會(huì)有記憶力。

This leads us to the theory that we can’t remember our first years simply because our brains hadn’t developed the necessary equipment. The explanation emerges from the most famous man in the history of neuroscience, known simply as patient HM.

這樣我們便可得出結(jié)論，我們記不住頭幾年的事情僅僅是因?yàn)槲覀兊拇竽X還未發(fā)育出必需的物質(zhì)。這一解釋的出現(xiàn)得益于神經(jīng)科學(xué)史上最有名人物，他被戲稱(chēng)為病人HM。

Perhaps, when we’re very young, the hippocampus simply isn’t developed enough to build a rich memory of an event. Baby rats, monkeys and humans all continue to add new neurons to the hippocampus for the first few years of life and we all are all unable to form lasting memories as infants – and it seems that the moment we stop creating new neurons, we‘re suddenly able to form long-term memories. “For young babies and infants the hippocampus is very undeveloped,” says Fagen.

或許，當(dāng)我們還很小的時(shí)候，海馬尚未發(fā)育成熟，因此我們無(wú)法對(duì)一件事情形成豐富的記憶。幼鼠，幼猴和嬰兒在生命開(kāi)始的頭幾年都會(huì)持續(xù)向海馬增加新的神經(jīng)元，而與此同時(shí)，我們也都像嬰兒一樣無(wú)法形成長(zhǎng)久的記憶——似乎當(dāng)我們停止增加新的神經(jīng)元時(shí)，我們便突然之間能夠形成長(zhǎng)久的記憶了。Fagen表示：“對(duì)于嬰幼兒而言，海馬的發(fā)育還相當(dāng)不成熟。”

Perhaps the biggest mystery is not why we can’t remember our childhood – but whether we can believe any of our memories at all.

或許最大的謎團(tuán)并非我們?yōu)楹螣o(wú)法回憶起我們的童年，而是我們是否能夠完全相信自己的記憶。