演講MP3+雙語文稿:人類的崛起之路

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【演講者及介紹】Yuval Noah Harari

歷史學(xué)家、作家烏瓦爾·諾亞·哈拉利探索了塑造21世紀(jì)的夢想和噩夢——從戰(zhàn)勝死亡到創(chuàng)造人造生命。他描繪了未來，并提出了一些根本性的問題：我們從這里走向何方？我們將如何保護這個脆弱的世界不受我們自己的破壞性力量的影響？

【演講主題】是什么解釋了人類的崛起？

【中英文字幕】

翻譯者 Coco Shen 校對者 Sanqiang Xiao

00:01

Seventy-thousand years ago, our ancestorswere insignificant animals. The most important thing to know about prehistorichumans is that they were unimportant. Their impact on the world was not muchgreater than that of jellyfish or fireflies or woodpeckers. Today, in contrast,we control this planet. And the question is: How did we come from there tohere? How did we turn ourselves from insignificant apes, minding their ownbusiness in a corner of Africa, into the rulers of planet Earth?

七萬年前，我們的先祖不過是各種動物中的一種。當(dāng)你想到原人時，最重要的是他們有多不重要。他們對世界的影響力，和水母、螢火蟲、啄木鳥差別不大。今天,相反地，我們變成地球的霸主。所以問題是：我們是怎么走到這一步的？我們是如何從毫不起眼的人猿，在非洲的角落自生自滅，搖身一變成為地球霸主的？

00:39

Usually, we look for the difference betweenus and all the other animals on the individual level. We want to believe -- Iwant to believe -- that there is something special about me, about my body,about my brain, that makes me so superior to a dog or a pig, or a chimpanzee.But the truth is that, on the individual level, I'm embarrassingly similar to achimpanzee. And if you take me and a chimpanzee and put us together on somelonely island, and we had to struggle for survival to see who survives better,I would definitely place my bet on the chimpanzee, not on myself. And this isnot something wrong with me personally. I guess if they took almost any one ofyou, and placed you alone with a chimpanzee on some island, the chimpanzeewould do much better.

通常我們會在個體差異上，檢視我們與其它動物的差別，我們想要相信－ 我想要相信，我有些特別的地方 我的身體，我的大腦，讓我比狗、豬，或是黑猩猩更高級。但事實是，就個體差異來說，我和黑猩猩尷尬地相似。如果你把我和一頭黑猩猩放在孤島上，看我們之間誰能生存的更好，我會賭是黑猩猩，而不是我。這不是我個人的錯，我想如果有人把你們其中任何人，和一頭黑猩猩一起放在孤島上，黑猩猩絕對會生存的更好。

01:38

The real difference between humans and allother animals is not on the individual level; it's on the collective level. Humanscontrol the planet because they are the only animals that can cooperate bothflexibly and in very large numbers. Now, there are other animals -- like thesocial insects, the bees, the ants -- that can cooperate in large numbers, butthey don't do so flexibly. Their cooperation is very rigid. There is basicallyjust one way in which a beehive can function. And if there's a new opportunityor a new danger, the bees cannot reinvent the social system overnight. Theycannot, for example, execute the queen and establish a republic of bees, or acommunist dictatorship of worker bees.

真正讓人類與其它動物分別開來的特質(zhì)不是個體的，而是群體的。人類控制地球是因為我們是唯一可以大規(guī)模靈活合作的動物。其它動物，那些社會性昆蟲，蜜蜂、螞蟻，它們也可以大規(guī)模地合作，但沒有像我們這么靈活。它們的合作方式是固定的。蜂巢總是用同一種方式運作。就算遇見新的機會或威脅，蜜蜂也無法在一夜之間創(chuàng)造一種社會制度，比如說，它們無法處死蜂后，建立蜜蜂共和國，工蜂也不能組成共產(chǎn)政權(quán)。

02:32

Other animals, like the social mammals --the wolves, the elephants, the dolphins, the chimpanzees -- they can cooperatemuch more flexibly, but they do so only in small numbers, because cooperationamong chimpanzees is based on intimate knowledge, one of the other. I'm achimpanzee and you're a chimpanzee, and I want to cooperate with you. I need toknow you personally. What kind of chimpanzee are you? Are you a nicechimpanzee? Are you an evil chimpanzee? Are you trustworthy? If I don't knowyou, how can I cooperate with you?

其它群居的哺乳類動物，像是狼、大象、海豚、黑猩猩－ 它們的合作更靈活，但規(guī)模有限，因為黑猩猩合作的基礎(chǔ)是 對彼此的親密的認(rèn)知。要是你我都是黑猩猩，我想和你合作，我會需要先認(rèn)識你。你是哪種黑猩猩？善良的黑猩猩？ 還是邪惡的黑猩猩？ 你可靠嗎？ 如果我不認(rèn)識你，我們怎么合作？

03:09

The only animal that can combine the twoabilities together and cooperate both flexibly and still do so in very largenumbers is us, Homo sapiens. One versus one, or even 10 versus 10, chimpanzeesmight be better than us. But, if you pit 1,000 humans against 1,000chimpanzees, the humans will win easily, for the simple reason that a thousandchimpanzees cannot cooperate at all. And if you now try to cram 100,000chimpanzees into Oxford Street, or into Wembley Stadium, or Tienanmen Square orthe Vatican, you will get chaos, complete chaos. Just imagine Wembley Stadiumwith 100,000 chimpanzees. Complete madness.

唯一擁有這兩種特質(zhì)能大規(guī)模合作，又能保持靈活的，只有我們，智人。一比一，甚至十比十，黑猩猩都比我們優(yōu)秀。但，如果數(shù)目提高到一千個人和一千頭黑猩猩，人類就能輕易獲勝。因為上千頭黑猩猩無法一起合作。如果你嘗試把十萬頭黑猩猩，塞進牛津街、溫布利體育館天安門廣場或梵蒂岡，絕對會陷入一片混亂。想象塞滿十萬頭黑猩猩的溫布利體育館，那個景象將有多瘋狂。

04:00

In contrast, humans normally gather therein tens of thousands, and what we get is not chaos, usually. What we get isextremely sophisticated and effective networks of cooperation. All the hugeachievements of humankind throughout history, whether it's building thepyramids or flying to the moon, have been based not on individual abilities,but on this ability to cooperate flexibly in large numbers.

相對的，就算成千上萬的人在會場里通常也不會陷入混亂。我們有效率、有制度地合作。人類在歷史上達成的巨大成就，無論是金字塔還是上月球，都不是建立在個體的能力，而是群體的靈活合作。

04:31

Think even about this very talk that I'mgiving now: I'm standing here in front of an audience of about 300 or 400people, most of you are complete strangers to me. Similarly, I don't reallyknow all the people who have organized and worked on this event. I don't knowthe pilot and the crew members of the plane that brought me over here,yesterday, to London. I don't know the people who invented and manufacturedthis microphone and these cameras, which are recording what I'm saying. I don'tknow the people who wrote all the books and articles that I read in preparationfor this talk. And I certainly don't know all the people who might be watchingthis talk over the Internet, somewhere in Buenos Aires or in New Delhi.

想想我這場演講，我在三四百個人面前演講 你們中的大多數(shù)我都不認(rèn)識 我不認(rèn)識所有組織 或參與這個活動的人。我不認(rèn)識昨天帶我飛抵倫敦的 駕駛員和機組人員。我不認(rèn)識是誰發(fā)明和制造 這些正在拍攝我的演講的錄像機和麥克風(fēng) 為了準(zhǔn)備這段演講，我讀了不少書和論文，我卻不認(rèn)識它們的作者。我更不知道那些正在網(wǎng)上觀看這個演講的人他們可能在布宜諾斯艾利斯或是在新德里而且，

05:24

Nevertheless, even though we don't knoweach other, we can work together to create this global exchange of ideas. Thisis something chimpanzees cannot do. They communicate, of course, but you willnever catch a chimpanzee traveling to some distant chimpanzee band to give thema talk about bananas or about elephants, or anything else that might interestchimpanzees. Now cooperation is, of course, not always nice; all the horriblethings humans have been doing throughout history -- and we have been doing somevery horrible things -- all those things are also based on large-scalecooperation. Prisons are a system of cooperation; slaughterhouses are a systemof cooperation; concentration camps are a system of cooperation. Chimpanzeesdon't have slaughterhouses and prisons and concentration camps.

盡管我們不認(rèn)識彼此，卻能在世界的舞臺上，一同參與、創(chuàng)造、交換意見，這是黑猩猩所做不到的。當(dāng)然，它們也能溝通，但你不會看到一只黑猩猩遠渡重洋，對另一群黑猩猩講解香蕉或大象，或任何黑猩猩有興趣的事。合作自然不是只有好事。人類歷史上所有恐怖的事件——我們的確做過一些非?？植赖氖隆鼈兺瑯右彩侨祟惔笠?guī)模合作達成的。監(jiān)獄是一種合作系統(tǒng)，屠宰場是一種合作系統(tǒng)，集中營是一種合作系統(tǒng)。黑猩猩沒有屠宰場、監(jiān)獄、或集中營。

06:24

Now suppose I've managed to convince youperhaps that yes, we control the world because we can cooperate flexibly inlarge numbers. The next question that immediately arises in the mind of aninquisitive listener is: How, exactly, do we do it? What enables us alone, ofall the animals, to cooperate in such a way? The answer is our imagination. Wecan cooperate flexibly with countless numbers of strangers, because we alone,of all the animals on the planet, can create and believe fictions, fictionalstories. And as long as everybody believes in the same fiction, everybody obeysand follows the same rules, the same norms, the same values.

現(xiàn)在或許我已經(jīng)說服你，因為我們大規(guī)模靈活合作的能力，我們掌控了世界。下一個問題隨之而來。好奇的聽眾心里想：我們是怎么做到的？在所有動物中，為什么只有我們這樣合作？答案是我們的想象力。我們之所以可以和無數(shù)陌生人一同合作，因為在這星球上的所有動物中只有我們能創(chuàng)造和相信虛構(gòu)的故事，只要大家一同相信同一個故事，每個人服從并執(zhí)行一樣的規(guī)則，一樣的基準(zhǔn)，一樣的價值觀，

07:18

All other animals use their communicationsystem only to describe reality. A chimpanzee may say, "Look! There's alion, let's run away!" Or, "Look! There's a banana tree over there!Let's go and get bananas!" Humans, in contrast, use their language not merelyto describe reality, but also to create new realities, fictional realities. Ahuman can say, "Look, there is a god above the clouds! And if you don't dowhat I tell you to do, when you die, God will punish you and send you tohell." And if you all believe this story that I've invented, then you willfollow the same norms and laws and values, and you can cooperate. This issomething only humans can do. You can never convince a chimpanzee to give you abanana by promising him, "... after you die, you'll go to chimpanzee heaven..." (Laughter) "... and you'll receive lots and lots of bananas foryour good deeds. So now give me this banana." No chimpanzee will everbelieve such a story. Only humans believe such stories, which is why we controlthe world, whereas the chimpanzees are locked up in zoos and researchlaboratories.

這件事只有人類做得到。你永遠無法說服一只黑猩猩交出香蕉，就算你承諾它：“死后，你可以到黑猩猩天堂......”（笑聲）“到時候你的善行，會為你贏得無數(shù)的香蕉。現(xiàn)在，快把香蕉給我?！睕]有一只黑猩猩會相信這種故事。

08:34

Now you may find it acceptable that yes, inthe religious field, humans cooperate by believing in the same fictions.Millions of people come together to build a cathedral or a mosque or fight in acrusade or a jihad, because they all believe in the same stories about God andheaven and hell. But what I want to emphasize is that exactly the samemechanism underlies all other forms of mass-scale human cooperation, not onlyin the religious field.

只有人類會相信這種故事。這就是黑猩猩關(guān)在動物園或?qū)嶒炇?，我們卻稱霸世界的原因?；蛟S你現(xiàn)在可以接受，在宗教領(lǐng)域，擁有相同信念的人一同合作。百萬人同心合力建造教堂、清真寺一同參加圣戰(zhàn) 因為他們信仰神、天堂和地獄。但我想說的是同樣的機制 存在于人類各種的大規(guī)模合作。不限于宗教領(lǐng)域。

09:11

Take, for example, the legal field. Mostlegal systems today in the world are based on a belief in human rights. Butwhat are human rights? Human rights, just like God and heaven, are just a storythat we've invented. They are not an objective reality; they are not somebiological effect about homo sapiens. Take a human being, cut him open, lookinside, you will find the heart, the kidneys, neurons, hormones, DNA, but youwon't find any rights. The only place you find rights are in the stories that wehave invented and spread around over the last few centuries. They may be verypositive stories, very good stories, but they're still just fictional storiesthat we've invented.

譬如，法制領(lǐng)域?，F(xiàn)在世界上大部分的法律，都以人權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)。但人權(quán)是什么？人權(quán)，就像神和天堂，都是我們發(fā)明的故事。它們不是客觀的事實；它們不是某種智人的生理反應(yīng)。解剖人體，往里探看，里面有心臟、腎臟、神經(jīng)元、荷爾蒙、基因但你找不到什么權(quán)利。權(quán)利只存在故事里，我們在這幾個世紀(jì)里創(chuàng)造、散播的故事。這些故事很好、很正面，但仍然是我們虛構(gòu)的。

10:03

The same is true of the political field.The most important factors in modern politics are states and nations. But whatare states and nations? They are not an objective reality. A mountain is anobjective reality. You can see it, you can touch it, you can even smell it. Buta nation or a state, like Israel or Iran or France or Germany, this is just astory that we've invented and became extremely attached to.

政治領(lǐng)域也一樣。國家是今日政治里最重要的元素。但國家是什么？它們不是客觀事實，山陵是客觀事實，你看得到，摸得到，甚至聞得到。但國家，以色列、伊朗、法國或德國，只是我們創(chuàng)造，并且非常依賴的故事。

10:34

The same is true of the economic field. Themost important actors today in the global economy are companies andcorporations. Many of you today, perhaps, work for a corporation, like Googleor Toyota or McDonald's. What exactly are these things? They are what lawyerscall legal fictions. They are stories invented and maintained by the powerfulwizards we call lawyers. (Laughter) And what do corporations do all day?Mostly, they try to make money. Yet, what is money? Again, money is not anobjective reality; it has no objective value. Take this green piece of paper,the dollar bill. Look at it -- it has no value. You cannot eat it, you cannotdrink it, you cannot wear it. But then came along these master storytellers --the big bankers, the finance ministers, the prime ministers -- and they tell usa very convincing story: "Look, you see this green piece of paper? It isactually worth 10 bananas." And if I believe it, and you believe it, andeverybody believes it, it actually works. I can take this worthless piece ofpaper, go to the supermarket, give it to a complete stranger whom I've nevermet before, and get, in exchange, real bananas which I can actually eat. Thisis something amazing. You could never do it with chimpanzees. Chimpanzeestrade, of course: "Yes, you give me a coconut, I'll give you abanana." That can work. But, you give me a worthless piece of paper and youexcept me to give you a banana? No way! What do you think I am, a human?(Laughter)

經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域也一樣。公司和企業(yè)是今日全球金融中不可或缺的元素。你們當(dāng)中的許多人為企業(yè)工作，像谷歌或豐田或麥當(dāng)勞。它們是什么？律師叫它們法人。需要有巫師創(chuàng)造和維持，不過我們通常叫這些巫師叫律師。（笑聲）企業(yè)都在做些什么？它們主要的功能是賺錢。但錢是什么？錢也不是客觀事實。這張綠色的紙，一元鈔票。它其實一文不值。你不能吃它，不能喝它，不能把它穿在身上。但這些大故事家來了——大銀行家，各國的財政部長，總理——他們說著同一個動人的故事：“你看這張綠色的紙，它可以換十個香蕉。”如果我信了，你也信了，大家都信了，這事就成了。我可以拿著這張一文不值的紙，到任何超市，把它交給一位素昧平生的陌生人，拿到我可以吃的，真的香蕉。這未必太神氣了。黑猩猩可辦不到。當(dāng)然，黑猩猩也懂得交換“你給我一顆椰子，我給你一根香蕉?！耙残?。但如果你給我一張廢紙然后要我給你一根香蕉？想都別想！ 你把我當(dāng)什么了，人類嗎？ （笑聲）

12:24

Money, in fact, is the most successfulstory ever invented and told by humans, because it is the only story everybodybelieves. Not everybody believes in God, not everybody believes in humanrights, not everybody believes in nationalism, but everybody believes in money,and in the dollar bill. Take, even, Osama Bin Laden. He hated American politicsand American religion and American culture, but he had no objection to Americandollars. He was quite fond of them, actually. (Laughter)

錢，其實是人類史上，最成功的故事。因為它是唯一一個所有人都相信的故事。不是每個人都相信神，不是每個人都追求人權(quán)，不是每個人都愛國，但每個人都相信錢，相信現(xiàn)金。就像拉登。他憎恨美國的政策和信仰，美國文化，但他絕對對美金沒有意見。他其實挺愛它們的。（笑聲）

13:04

To conclude, then: We humans control theworld because we live in a dual reality. All other animals live in an objectivereality. Their reality consists of objective entities, like rivers and treesand lions and elephants. We humans, we also live in an objective reality. Inour world, too, there are rivers and trees and lions and elephants. But overthe centuries, we have constructed on top of this objective reality a secondlayer of fictional reality, a reality made of fictional entities, like nations,like gods, like money, like corporations. And what is amazing is that ashistory unfolded, this fictional reality became more and more powerful so thattoday, the most powerful forces in the world are these fictional entities.Today, the very survival of rivers and trees and lions and elephants depends onthe decisions and wishes of fictional entities, like the United States, likeGoogle, like the World Bank -- entities that exist only in our own imagination.

結(jié)論是：我們?nèi)祟惙Q霸世界，因為我們活在雙重現(xiàn)實里。其它動物活在客觀事實里。它們的真實世界存在于客觀現(xiàn)實，像河流、樹木、獅子和大象。我們?nèi)祟愐不钤诳陀^現(xiàn)實里。我們也有河流、樹木、獅子和大象。但幾個世紀(jì)來，我們在客觀現(xiàn)實上，建構(gòu)了另一個層次的虛擬現(xiàn)實，一個由虛擬現(xiàn)實組成的真實世界。國家、神、錢、企業(yè)。厲害的是在歷史進程里，虛構(gòu)的現(xiàn)實日漸強大，直到今日，世界上最強大的力量，是這些虛構(gòu)的主體。今天，幸存的河流、樹、獅子和大象，仰賴著這些虛構(gòu)主體的決定和期待生存，像美國、谷歌、世界銀行——這些只存在于我們想象中的主體。謝謝各位。

14:32

Thank you. (Applause)

謝謝各位。（掌聲）

14:44

Bruno Giussani: Yuval, you have a new bookout. After Sapiens, you wrote another one, and it's out in Hebrew, but not yettranslated into ...

Bruno Guissani：烏瓦爾，你有一本新書即將出版。出版《人類大歷史》后，你又寫了一本，希伯來文的版本已經(jīng)出版了，但還沒翻譯成......

14:50

Yuval Noah Harari: I'm working on thetranslation as we speak.

烏瓦爾·諾亞·哈拉利：我現(xiàn)在正在翻譯。

14:53

BG: In the book, if I understand itcorrectly, you argue that the amazing breakthroughs that we are experiencingright now not only will potentially make our lives better, but they will create-- and I quote you -- "... new classes and new class struggles, just asthe industrial revolution did." Can you elaborate for us?

BG：在這本書里，如果我想得沒錯的話，你說我們現(xiàn)在經(jīng)歷的這些奇妙的技術(shù)突破 不只會讓我們的生活更好，更有可能創(chuàng)造 － 你這么說 － “新的階級和新的階級斗爭，就像工業(yè)革命時期一樣?！?你可以多說一點嗎？

15:12

YNH: Yes. In the industrial revolution, wesaw the creation of a new class of the urban proletariat. And much of thepolitical and social history of the last 200 years involved what to do withthis class, and the new problems and opportunities. Now, we see the creation ofa new massive class of useless people. (Laughter) As computers become betterand better in more and more fields, there is a distinct possibility thatcomputers will out-perform us in most tasks and will make humans redundant. Andthen the big political and economic question of the 21st century will be,"What do we need humans for?", or at least, "What do we need somany humans for?"

哈拉利：好的。在工業(yè)革命時期，我們創(chuàng)造了城市中的無產(chǎn)階級。過去兩百年的社經(jīng)歷史，都在處理由此而生的新問題和機會?，F(xiàn)在，一群沒用的人組成了一個新階級，（笑聲）計算機在各個領(lǐng)域越來越強，很快的，計算機在許多領(lǐng)域上會勝過人類，人類將變得多余。這個世紀(jì)最大的政治和經(jīng)濟問題是，“我們需要人類做什么？”至少是“我們需要這么多人做什么？”

15:58

BG: Do you have an answer in the book?

BG：書里會找到答案嗎？

16:01

YNH: At present, the best guess we have isto keep them happy with drugs and computer games ... (Laughter) but thisdoesn't sound like a very appealing future.

哈拉利：目前，我們只能用藥物、電子游戲盡量讓他們開心 （笑聲）然好像也不是什么值得期待的前景。

16:11

BG: Ok, so you're basically saying in thebook and now, that for all the discussion about the growing evidence ofsignificant economic inequality, we are just kind of at the beginning of theprocess?

BG：所以你在書里和現(xiàn)在所說的是，各種討論和證據(jù)都顯示，所有的貧富差距、經(jīng)濟不平等，都只是剛剛開始而已？

16:22

YNH: Again, it's not a prophecy; it'sseeing all kinds of possibilities before us. One possibility is this creationof a new massive class of useless people. Another possibility is the divisionof humankind into different biological castes, with the rich being upgradedinto virtual gods, and the poor being degraded to this level of useless people.

哈拉利：這不是預(yù)言； 只是評估眼前的所有可能性。其中一種可能是創(chuàng)造了一種無用階級，另一種可能是用生理把人類分成幾種階級，富人升等為神，窮人則貶到無用之人的階級。

16:47

BG: I feel there is another TED talk comingup in a year or two. Thank you, Yuval, for making the trip.

BG：我想一兩年內(nèi)會有這個 TED 演說。謝謝你遠道而來。

16:52

YNH: Thanks! (Applause)

哈拉利：謝謝！ （掌聲）