演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:如何拯救瀕臨滅絕的語(yǔ)言

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聽(tīng)力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語(yǔ)文稿，供各位英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者學(xué)習(xí)使用。本文主要內(nèi)容為演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:如何拯救瀕臨滅絕的語(yǔ)言，希望你會(huì)喜歡！

【演講者及介紹】Daniel Bogre Udell

丹尼爾·博格魯?shù)聽(tīng)?，語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)家。他是Wikitongues的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人和董事，他與全球草根語(yǔ)言學(xué)家網(wǎng)絡(luò)合作，建立了世界上每種語(yǔ)言的種子庫(kù)。

【演講主題】如何拯救瀕臨滅絕的語(yǔ)言

【中英文字幕】

翻譯者 Conway Ye 校對(duì)者Yolanda Zhang

00:14

Languages don't just die naturally. Peopleabandon mother tongues, because they're forced to. Often, the pressure ispolitical.

語(yǔ)言不會(huì)自動(dòng)消失。人們被迫拋棄母語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常是因?yàn)檎卧颉?/p>

00:24

In 1892, the US Army general Richard HenryPratt argued that killing indigenous cultures was the only alternative tokilling indigenous people. "Kill the Indian," he said, "but savethe man." And until 1978, the government did just that, removingindigenous children from their families and forcing them into boarding schoolswhere they were given English names and punished for speaking their languages.Assimilation was a compliment to genocide.

在1892年，美國(guó)陸軍將軍里查德·亨利·普拉特認(rèn)為消滅土著文化是取代屠殺的唯一替代方式。他說(shuō)：“殺了印第安文化，卻不殺人?！敝钡?1978 年，政府一直采取了這樣的措施。讓土著孩子離開(kāi)家人，逼迫他們?nèi)ゼ乃迣W(xué)校，給他們英文名，不讓他們說(shuō)他們的語(yǔ)言。這種文化的融合和種族滅絕差不多。

00:56

Seven thousand languages are alive today,but few are recognized by their own governments or supported online. So forpeople from the vast majority of cultures, globalization remains profoundlyalienating. It means giving up your language for someone else's. And if nothingchanges, as many as 3,000 languages could disappear in 80 years.

現(xiàn)在世界上有7000種語(yǔ)言，但是被當(dāng)?shù)卣J(rèn)可，或在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上被認(rèn)可的寥寥無(wú)幾。所以，對(duì)于絕大多數(shù)文化背景的人，全球化會(huì)讓他們?cè)絹?lái)越疏遠(yuǎn)。這意味著，要為其他語(yǔ)言而放棄自己的母語(yǔ)。如果事情沒(méi)有改變的話，3000 種語(yǔ)言會(huì)在 80 年之內(nèi)消失。

01:20

But things are changing. Around the world,people are reviving ancestral languages and rebuilding their cultures. As faras we know, language reclamation began in the 1800s when, at a time of risingantisemitism, Jewish communities looked to their ancestral language, Hebrew, asa means of cultural revival. And though it had been dormant for over 1,000years, it was well preserved in books of Jewish religion and philosophy. SoJewish activists studied and taught it to their children, raising the firstnative speakers in nearly 100 generations. Today, it's the mother tongue offive million Jews. And at least for me, an assimilated English-speaking memberof the Jewish diaspora, a pillar of cultural sovereignty. Two thousand yearslater, we're still here.

但是事情正在變化。世界各地，人們都在復(fù)活祖先的語(yǔ)言，并重建他們的文化。據(jù)我們所了解的，復(fù)蘇語(yǔ)言的工作開(kāi)始于反猶太主義猖狂的十九世紀(jì)，猶太人民認(rèn)為他們的祖先語(yǔ)言，希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)，是一種文化復(fù)興的方式。雖然希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)已經(jīng)沉睡了一千多年，但它還是被猶太宗教和哲學(xué)的書(shū)籍完好地保存了下來(lái)。所以猶太學(xué)者研究了并教育他們的孩子希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)，養(yǎng)育了近一百代里的第一代以希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的猶太人?，F(xiàn)在，希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)是超過(guò)五百萬(wàn)猶太人的母語(yǔ)。至少對(duì)于我來(lái)說(shuō)，作為一個(gè)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的猶太人，這是文化自治的表現(xiàn)。兩千年后，希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)還存在。

02:15

Now, until recently, Hebrew's reawakeningwas an anomaly. Few languages are as well preserved as ours was, and thecreation of Israel, the first Jewish state in over 1,000 years, provided aspace for Hebrew's daily use. In other words, most cultures just weren't given achance.

一直以來(lái)，希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)的復(fù)蘇仍是一件不尋常的事情。很少有語(yǔ)言像希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)一樣保存的如此完好，再加上以色列的誕生，這是一千年來(lái)第一個(gè)猶太國(guó)家，讓希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)能夠被日常使用。換句話說(shuō)，很多文化都沒(méi)有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。

02:33

(Video) Good evening, I'm Elizabeth and Ilive in Cornwall.

（視頻）晚上好，我叫伊麗莎白，我住在康沃爾郡。

02:37

That was Cornish, the ancestral language ofCornwall, which today is technically a county in southern England. In the1900s, Cornish activists fought for their culture. The language had beendormant for over 100 years, but they used old books and plays to teach it totheir children. However, this new generation of Cornish speakers was scatteredacross Cornwall and unable to use the language freely. By the 1990s, Cornishhad reawakened, but it wasn't thriving. Then, in the early 2000s, Cornishspeakers found one another online and leveraged digital spaces to speak on adaily basis. From there, they organized weekly or monthly events where theycould gather and speak in public.

這是康沃爾語(yǔ)，康沃爾的祖先語(yǔ)言?？滴譅柺怯⒏裉m南部的一個(gè)郡。在二十世紀(jì)初，康沃爾語(yǔ)支持者為了他們的文化進(jìn)行過(guò)斗爭(zhēng)。這門(mén)語(yǔ)言已經(jīng)沉睡了超過(guò)一百年了，但是他們用舊書(shū)和話劇來(lái)教育他們的孩子。說(shuō)康沃爾語(yǔ)的新一代零散地散布在康沃爾，不能流暢的使用這門(mén)語(yǔ)言。到二十世紀(jì)九十年代，康沃爾語(yǔ)開(kāi)始復(fù)蘇，但是并不繁榮。二十一世紀(jì)初，說(shuō)康沃爾語(yǔ)的人找到了一個(gè)線上的網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)話空間。從那之后，他們組織了每周或每月的活動(dòng)，人們可以在公共場(chǎng)合聚集并交談。

03:24

Today, some schools teach Cornish. Thereare Cornish language signs, ice-cream commercials, Wikipedia, and even memes.

現(xiàn)在，有些學(xué)校會(huì)教康沃爾語(yǔ)。有康沃爾語(yǔ)的路標(biāo)，冰淇淋廣告，維基百科，甚至網(wǎng)絡(luò)笑話。

03:35

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

03:38

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

03:43

And with their language once again intact,the people of Cornwall have secured recognition as a Celtic nation alongsideIreland, Scotland and Wales. They stared down centuries of forced assimilationand said, "We're not a county in England. We're a people in our own right.And we're still here."

有了完整的語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)，康沃爾人民已經(jīng)獲得了與愛(ài)爾蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士并列的凱爾特國(guó)家的稱號(hào)。他們打敗了幾世紀(jì)的文化殖民，并宣告：“我們不是英格蘭的一個(gè)郡，我們是自己的民族。我們并沒(méi)有消失?！?/p>

04:00

And they're not the only ones. TheTunica-Biloxi tribe of Louisiana is reviving their ancestral language.

這樣的例子還有很多。路易斯安那州的突尼卡比羅西部落也在復(fù)活他們的祖先語(yǔ)言。

04:06

(Video) My name is Teyanna. My friends,they call me "Quiet Storm."

（視頻）“我的名字是泰納。我的朋友叫我'無(wú)聲風(fēng)暴'?！?

04:12

It started in the 1980s, when Donna Pieriteand her family started taking trips to Baton Rouge and New Orleans to photocopyold dictionaries stored away in university archives. The goal was to studyTunica and teach it to the children and share it with the community. Today,they're leading a Tunica renaissance. Since 2014, there are nearly 100 speakersin language immersion classes, and according to a 2017 census, 32 new fluentspeakers, some of whom, like Donna's daughter Elisabeth, are teaching Tunica totheir children. These new speakers are creating content, Facebook videos andalso memes.

從二十世紀(jì)八十年代開(kāi)始，唐納·皮里特和她的家人去了巴吞魯日和新奧爾良，復(fù)印了大學(xué)檔案里的舊字典。他們的目標(biāo)是為了學(xué)習(xí)突尼卡語(yǔ)，并教給孩子和社區(qū)里的人們?，F(xiàn)在，他們正引領(lǐng)著突尼卡語(yǔ)的復(fù)興。到 2004 年，有近 100 位說(shuō)突尼卡語(yǔ)的人在上語(yǔ)言課。根據(jù)一個(gè) 2017 年的普查，新增了 32 個(gè)能流利使用突尼卡語(yǔ)的人，其中有唐納的女兒，伊麗莎白，在教她們的孩子突尼卡語(yǔ)。這些人在創(chuàng)造內(nèi)容，臉書(shū)視頻和網(wǎng)絡(luò)笑話。

04:53

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

04:56

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

04:59

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

05:01

And the more they publish, the more theyinspire other Tunica people to get involved. Recently, a tribal member livingin Texas wrote Elisabeth on Facebook, asking how to say "bless theselands." It was for a yard sign, so she could show her neighbors that herculture is alive and thriving today.

他們創(chuàng)造得越多，越來(lái)越多的突尼卡人就會(huì)加入他們。一個(gè)住在德州的部落成員在臉書(shū)上問(wèn)伊麗莎白如何說(shuō)：“保佑這些土地?！眮?lái)當(dāng)一個(gè)院子的標(biāo)志，所以她可以告訴她的鄰居，她的文化現(xiàn)在還活著并很繁榮。

05:21

Now, Hebrew, Cornish and Tunica are justthree examples from a groundswell of language activism on every continent. Andwhether they're Jèrriais speakers from the Channel Isles, or Kenyan signlanguage speakers from Nairobi, all communities working to preserve or reclaima language have one thing in common: media, so their language can be shared andtaught. And as the internet grows, expanding media access and creation,preserving and reclaiming ancestral languages is now more possible than ever.

希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)、康沃爾語(yǔ)和突尼卡語(yǔ)只是世界各地語(yǔ)言復(fù)蘇的三個(gè)例子。從在海峽群島說(shuō)耶里亞斯語(yǔ)的人，到在內(nèi)羅畢說(shuō)肯尼亞手語(yǔ)的人，所有保護(hù)和復(fù)興一門(mén)語(yǔ)言的工作都有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)：媒體。媒體讓語(yǔ)言能夠被分享和教導(dǎo)。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的增長(zhǎng)，媒體的獲取和創(chuàng)造也更簡(jiǎn)單了，讓保護(hù)和復(fù)興祖先語(yǔ)言從未有過(guò)的變成了可能。

05:56

So what are your ancestral languages? Mineare Hebrew, Yiddish, Hungarian and Scottish Gaelic, even though I was raised inEnglish. And luckily for me, each of these languages is available online.Hebrew in particular -- it came installed on my iPhone, it's supported byGoogle Translate, it even has autocorrect. And while your language may not beas widely supported, I encourage you to investigate, because chances are,someone, somewhere, has started getting it online.

你的祖先語(yǔ)言是什么？我的是希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)、意第緒語(yǔ)、匈牙利語(yǔ)和蘇格蘭蓋爾語(yǔ)，雖然我在英語(yǔ)環(huán)境里長(zhǎng)大。我很幸運(yùn)，這些語(yǔ)言再網(wǎng)上都有。特別是希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)，我的手機(jī)上就有，谷歌翻譯也支持，甚至還有自動(dòng)糾錯(cuò)。即使你的語(yǔ)言沒(méi)有很多資源，我也鼓勵(lì)你做些研究，因?yàn)橛锌赡苣硞€(gè)地方的某個(gè)人正在開(kāi)始創(chuàng)造資源。

06:24

Reclaiming your language and embracing yourculture is a powerful way to be yourself in the age of globalization, becauseas I recently learned to say in Hebrew, "'n?nw 'dyyn k'n" -- we'restill here.

復(fù)興你的語(yǔ)言和接受自己的文化是在全球化中保持自我的重要方法，正如我剛學(xué)會(huì)的希伯來(lái)語(yǔ)所說(shuō)，“'n?nw 'dyyn k'n” 我們還存在。

06:41

Thank you.

謝謝。

06:42

(Applause)

（鼓掌）