演講MP3+雙語文稿:在信息戰(zhàn)中，量子計算機會擊敗密碼學家嗎?
聽力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語文稿，供各位英語愛好者學習使用。本文主要內容為演講MP3+雙語文稿:在信息戰(zhàn)中，量子計算機會擊敗密碼學家嗎?，希望你會喜歡！
【演講人及介紹】Craig Costello
出版商，密碼學家克雷格·科斯特洛（Craig Costello）使用數(shù)學方法來保護數(shù)字世界，以抵御當前存在的威脅和未來可能存在的威脅。
【演講主題】在信息戰(zhàn)爭中，量子計算機會擊敗密碼學家嗎?
【演講文稿-中英文】
翻譯者 Nan Yang 校對 Jiasi Hao
00:12
I'm in the business of safeguardingsecrets, and this includes your secrets.
我從事保護秘密的工作，其中就包括你們的秘密。
00:19
Cryptographers are the first line ofdefense in an ongoing war that's been raging for centuries: a war between codemakers and code breakers. And this is a war on information. The modernbattlefield for information is digital. And it wages across your phones, yourcomputers and the internet. Our job is to create systems that scramble youremails and credit card numbers, your phone calls and text messages -- and thatincludes those saucy selfies --
密碼學家是數(shù)百年來持續(xù)不斷的戰(zhàn)爭中的第一道防線：是代碼編寫者和代碼破譯者之間的戰(zhàn)爭。這是一場信息戰(zhàn)爭?，F(xiàn)代信息戰(zhàn)場是數(shù)字化的。它發(fā)動于你的手機，你的電腦和互聯(lián)網。我們的工作是建立系統(tǒng)，來打亂你們的電子郵件內容，信用卡號，電話內容和短信——這包括那些搞笑的自拍照——
00:50
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
00:52
so that all of this information can only bedescrambled by the recipient that it's intended for.
這樣，所有的這些信息只能由預期的接收者解密。
00:58
Now, until very recently, we thought we'dwon this war for good. Right now, each of your smartphones is using encryptionthat we thought was unbreakable and that was going to remain that way. We werewrong, because quantum computers are coming, and they're going to change thegame completely.
一直以來，我們都一直以為自己永遠贏得了這場戰(zhàn)爭?，F(xiàn)在，你們每個人的手機都在使用我們認為永遠無法被破解的加密手段，我們錯了，因為量子計算機即將加入這場戰(zhàn)爭，它們會徹底改變游戲規(guī)則。
01:20
Throughout history, cryptography andcode-breaking has always been this game of cat and mouse. Back in the 1500s,Queen Mary of the Scots thought she was sending encrypted letters that only hersoldiers could decipher. But Queen Elizabeth of England, she had code breakersthat were all over it. They decrypted Mary's letters, saw that she wasattempting to assassinate Elizabeth and, subsequently, they chopped Mary's headoff. A few centuries later, in World War II, the Nazis communicated using theEngima code, a much more complicated encryption scheme that they thought wasunbreakable. But then good old Alan Turing, the same guy who invented what wenow call the modern computer, he built a machine and used it to break Enigma.He deciphered the German messages and helped to bring Hitler and his ThirdReich to a halt. And so the story has gone throughout the centuries.Cryptographers improve their encryption, and then code breakers fight back andthey find a way to break it. This war's gone back and forth, and it's beenpretty neck and neck.
縱觀歷史，密碼學和密碼破解一直是貓和老鼠的游戲?；氐绞迨兰o，蘇格蘭的瑪麗女王認為她正在發(fā)送只有她的士兵可以破解的加密信件。但是英格蘭的伊麗莎白女王手下有無數(shù)的密碼破譯者。他們破解了瑪麗的信件，發(fā)現(xiàn)了她正試圖刺殺伊麗莎白，隨后，他們砍掉了瑪麗的頭。幾個世紀之后的第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，Nazi使用恩尼格瑪密碼進行通訊，是一種他們認為牢不可破的更復雜的加密機制。但是之后的艾倫·圖靈，那個發(fā)明了我們稱為現(xiàn)代計算機的人，制作了一個機器，用它來破解恩尼格瑪。他破譯了德國人的消息，并協(xié)助使得希特勒和他的第三帝國停滯不前。這種故事已經重復了多個世紀。密碼學家不斷改善他們的加密方式，然后密碼破譯者進行反擊，找到一種方法來破解它。這場戰(zhàn)爭來來回回，而且雙方差不多并駕齊驅。
02:25
That was until the 1970s, when somecryptographers made a huge breakthrough. They discovered an extremely powerfulway to do encryption called "public-key cryptography." Unlike all ofthe prior methods used throughout history, it doesn't require that the twoparties that want to send each other confidential information have exchangedthe secret key beforehand. The magic of public-key cryptography is that itallows us to connect securely with anyone in the world, whether we've exchangeddata before or not, and to do it so fast that you and I don't even realize it'shappening. Whether you're texting your mate to catch up for a beer, or you're abank that's transferring billions of dollars to another bank, modern encryptionenables us to send data that can be secured in a matter of milliseconds.
直到 19 世紀 70 年代，一些密碼學家取得了巨大的突破。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種非常強大的加密方式，叫做“公鑰密碼學”。與之前用過的所有方式不同，它不需要想要交換秘密信息的通訊雙方提前交換密鑰。公鑰密碼學的魔力在于，它允許我們安全地與世界上任何人連接起來，無論我們事先交換過數(shù)據(jù)與否，它能讓我們可以快速地通訊，甚至沒有意識到它正在發(fā)生。無論你正給同伴發(fā)短信相約喝酒，還是你正在轉賬數(shù)十億美元到另一家銀行，現(xiàn)代加密技術使我們能夠在幾毫秒內發(fā)送被保護的數(shù)據(jù)。
03:17
The brilliant idea that makes this magicpossible, it relies on hard mathematical problems. Cryptographers are deeplyinterested in things that calculators can't do. For example, calculators canmultiply any two numbers you like, no matter how big the size. But going backthe other way -- starting with the product and then asking, "Which twonumbers multiply to give this one?" -- that's actually a really hardproblem. If I asked you to find which two-digit numbers multiply to give 851,even with a calculator, most people in this room would have a hard time findingthe answer by the time I'm finished with this talk. And if I make the numbers alittle larger, then there's no calculator on earth that can do this.And thisproblem, called "integer factorization," is exactly what each of yoursmartphones and laptops is using right now to keep your data secure. This isthe basis of modern encryption. And the fact that all the computing power onthe planet combined can't solve it, that's the reason we cryptographers thoughtwe'd found a way to stay ahead of the code breakers for good.
使這個魔法成為可能的絕妙主意，依賴于困難的數(shù)學問題。密碼學家對計算器無法做到的事情深感興趣。例如，計算器可以讓你喜歡的任何兩個數(shù)字相乘，無論數(shù)字有多大。但是反過來——有相乘后的結果，然后問“哪兩個數(shù)字相乘得出的這個數(shù)字？”這實際上是個非常難的問題。如果我讓你找出哪兩個兩位數(shù)相乘等于 851，即使有計算器，這個房間里的大多數(shù)人在我完成本次演講之前，都很難找到答案。而且如果我讓數(shù)字變得更大些，地球上沒有任何計算器可以做到。而這個問題，被叫做“整數(shù)分解”，就是現(xiàn)在你們每部手機和電腦正在用來保護你們的數(shù)據(jù)安全的方法。這是現(xiàn)代加密的基礎。而地球上所有計算能力聯(lián)合起來也無法解決這個問題的事實正是我們密碼學家認為我們找到了一種方式能永遠領先于編碼破壞者的原因。
04:37
Perhaps we got a little cocky because justwhen we thought the war was won, a bunch of 20th-century physicists came to theparty, and they revealed that the laws of the universe, the same laws thatmodern cryptography was built upon, they aren't as we thought they were. Wethought that one object couldn't be in two places at the same time. It's notthe case. We thought nothing can possibly spin clockwise and anticlockwisesimultaneously. But that's incorrect. And we thought that two objects onopposite sides of the universe, light years away from each other, they can'tpossibly influence one another instantaneously. We were wrong again.
也許我們有點自大，因為就在我們以為戰(zhàn)爭勝利的時候，一批 20 世紀的物理學家也加入了進來，他們揭示了宇宙的定律并不是我們想象的那樣，而現(xiàn)代密碼學的建立就基于這些定律。我們認為一個物體不能同時處于兩個地方。事實并非如此。我們認為沒有任何東西可以同時進行順時針和逆時針旋轉。但這也不是正確的。我們認為分別位于宇宙兩側的兩個物體彼此相距若干光年，它們不可能瞬間相互影響。我們又錯了。
05:20
And isn't that always the way life seems togo? Just when you think you've got everything covered, your ducks in a row, abunch of physicists come along and reveal that the fundamental laws of theuniverse are completely different to what you thought?
生活也總是這樣，不是嗎？就在你認為你搞定了所有事情，萬事俱備的時候，一批物理學家出現(xiàn)，并揭示了宇宙的基本定律與你想的完全不同？
05:32
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
05:33
And it screws everything up.
它搞砸了一切。
05:35
See, in the teeny tiny subatomic realm, atthe level of electrons and protons, the classical laws of physics, the onesthat we all know and love, they go out the window. And it's here that the lawsof quantum mechanics kick in. In quantum mechanics, an electron can be spinningclockwise and anticlockwise at the same time, and a proton can be in two placesat once. It sounds like science fiction, but that's only because the crazyquantum nature of our universe, it hides itself from us. And it stayed hiddenfrom us until the 20th century. But now that we've seen it, the whole world isin an arms race to try to build a quantum computer -- a computer that canharness the power of this weird and wacky quantum behavior.
結果就是，在微小的亞原子領域，在電子和質子的級別上，我們都熟知和熱愛的物理的經典定律，不復存在。而量子力學定律就在這里展開。在量子力學中，電子可以同時進行順時針和逆時針旋轉，而一個質子可以同時處于兩個位置。這聽起來像科幻小說，但是這僅僅是因為宇宙的瘋狂量子本質，對我們隱藏了自己，直到 20 世紀。但是現(xiàn)在我們看見了，整個世界都在爭相嘗試建造量子計算機——一種能夠利用古怪的量子行為力量的計算機。
06:28
These things are so revolutionary and sopowerful that they'll make today's fastest supercomputer look useless incomparison. In fact, for certain problems that are of great interest to us,today's fastest supercomputer is closer to an abacus than to a quantumcomputer. That's right, I'm talking about those little wooden things with thebeads. Quantum computers can simulate chemical and biological processes thatare far beyond the reach of our classical computers. And as such, they promiseto help us solve some of our planet's biggest problems. They're going to helpus combat global hunger; to tackle climate change; to find cures for diseasesand pandemics for which we've so far been unsuccessful; to create superhumanartificial intelligence; and perhaps even more important than all of thosethings, they're going to help us understand the very nature of our universe.
這些東西太具有顛覆性了，而且如此強大，會使得現(xiàn)在最快的超級計算機相比之下看起來毫無用處。實際上，對于我們非常感興趣的某些問題，如今最快的超級電腦更接近于一個算盤，而不是量子計算機。是的，我說的就是那種帶有珠子的小小的木制品。量子計算機可以模擬化學和生物過程，這遠遠超出了傳統(tǒng)計算機的范圍。因此，它們很可能會幫助我們解決地球上一些最大的問題。他們將幫助我們戰(zhàn)勝全球饑餓；應對氣候變化，找到我們迄今為止未能成功的治療疾病和全球性傳染病的方法，創(chuàng)造超人類的人工智能，以及比所有這些事情都重要的，它將幫助我們理解宇宙的本質。
07:28
But with this incredible potential comes anincredible risk. Remember those big numbers I talked about earlier? I'm nottalking about 851. In fact, if anyone in here has been distracted trying tofind those factors, I'm going to put you out of your misery and tell you thatit's 23 times 37.
但是伴隨著不可思議的潛力，也帶來了不可思議的風險。還記得我之前說過的大數(shù)字嗎？我現(xiàn)在說的不是 851。實際上，如果你們任何人因為要找到這些因數(shù)而分心，我要把你從苦難中解救出來，告訴你答案是 23 乘 37 。
07:47
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
07:48
I'm talking about the much bigger numberthat followed it. While today's fastest supercomputer couldn't find those factorsin the life age of the universe, a quantum computer could easily factorizenumbers way, way bigger than that one.
我要說的是比那大得多的數(shù)字。雖然當今最快的超級計算機無法在宇宙生命周期中找到那些因數(shù)，但一個量子計算機可以輕易的分解比那大很多很多的數(shù)字。
08:03
Quantum computers will break all of theencryption currently used to protect you and I from hackers. And they'll do iteasily. Let me put it this way: if quantum computing was a spear, then modernencryption, the same unbreakable system that's protected us for decades, itwould be like a shield made of tissue paper. Anyone with access to a quantumcomputer will have the master key to unlock anything they like in our digitalworld. They could steal money from banks and control economies. They couldpower off hospitals or launch nukes. Or they could just sit back and watch allof us on our webcams without any of us knowing that this is happening.
量子計算機將打破我們現(xiàn)在用來保護大家免受黑客攻擊的所有加密算法。它們會輕松做到的。讓我這樣說吧：如果量子計算是一根長矛，那么現(xiàn)代加密——幾十年來一直保護著我們的牢不可破的系統(tǒng)，就像是紙巾做的盾牌。有權訪問量子計算機的任何人都將擁有萬能鑰匙，可以解鎖他們在數(shù)字化世界中喜歡的任何東西。他們可以從銀行偷錢，并控制經濟，他們可以關閉醫(yī)院電源，或者發(fā)射核武器，或者他們可以只是坐下來，通過網絡攝像頭看著我們，而我們沒有人知道發(fā)生了什么。
08:49
Now, the fundamental unit of information onall of the computers we're used to, it's called a "bit." A single bitcan be one of two states: it can be a zero or it can be a one. When I FaceTimemy mum from the other side of the world --
我們習慣使用的所有計算機上的基本信息單元，叫做一個“比特”。一個比特可以處于兩個狀態(tài)之一：它可以是 0 或者 1。當我和地球另一端的媽媽視頻的時候——
09:09
we're actually just sending each other longsequences of zeroes and ones that bounce from computer to computer, fromsatellite to satellite, transmitting our data at a rapid pace. Bits arecertainly very useful. In fact, anything we currently do with technology isindebted to the usefulness of bits. But we're starting to realize that bits arereally poor at simulating complex molecules and particles. And this is because,in some sense, subatomic processes can be doing two or more opposing things atthe same time as they follow these bizarre rules of quantum mechanics.
我們實際上只是在給彼此發(fā)送一長串的 0 和 1，在計算機之間，衛(wèi)星之間反復，高速地傳輸著我們的數(shù)據(jù)。比特當然非常有用。實際上，我們現(xiàn)在技術上做的任何事情都多虧了比特。但是我們開始意識到，在模擬復雜的分子和粒子方面，比特做得很差。這是因為，在某種意義上，亞原子過程可以同時做兩個或更多相反的事情，因為他們遵循量子力學的這些怪異規(guī)則。
09:43
So, late last century, some really brainyphysicists had this ingenious idea: to instead build computers that are foundedon the principles of quantum mechanics. Now, the fundamental unit of informationof a quantum computer, it's called a "qubit." It stands for"quantum bit." Instead of having just two states, like zero or one, aqubit can be an infinite number of states. And this corresponds to it beingsome combination of both zero and one at the same time, a phenomenon that wecall "superposition." And when we have two qubits in superposition,we're actually working across all four combinations of zero-zero, zero-one,one-zero and one-one. With three qubits, we're working in superposition acrosseight combinations, and so on. Each time we add a single qubit, we double thenumber of combinations that we can work with in superposition at the same time.And so when we scale up to work with many qubits, we can work with anexponential number of combinations at the same time. And this just hints atwhere the power of quantum computing is coming from.
所以，上個世紀后期，一些非常聰明的物理學家有了這個巧妙的想法：建立基于量子力學原理的計算機。量子計算機的基本信息單位叫做一個“量子比特”（qubit），是“quantum bit”的縮寫。一個量子比特可以有無限個狀態(tài)，而不再是只有 0 或 1 兩個狀態(tài)。這對應于它同時是 0 和 1 的某種組合，我們稱這種現(xiàn)象為“疊加”。當我們有兩個量子比特疊加在一起時，實際上，我們正在研究四種組合，0 - 0 ，0 - 1 ，1 - 0 ，和 1 - 1。有三個量子比特時，我們在研究八種組合的疊加狀態(tài)，以此類推。每次我們增加一個量子比特，我們需要同時處理的疊加狀態(tài)的組合數(shù)量將加倍。所以當我們擴大規(guī)模，處理很多量子比特時，我們需要同時處理的組合狀態(tài)數(shù)量呈指數(shù)型增加。而這就暗示了量子計算的力量從何而來。
10:56
Now, in modern encryption, our secret keys,like the two factors of that larger number, they're just long sequences ofzeroes and ones. To find them, a classical computer must go through everysingle combination, one after the other, until it finds the one that works andbreaks our encryption. But on a quantum computer, with enough qubits insuperposition, information can be extracted from all combinations at the sametime. In very few steps, a quantum computer can brush aside all of theincorrect combinations, home in on the correct one and then unlock ourtreasured secrets.
如今，在現(xiàn)代加密中，我們的密鑰，例如大數(shù)的分解因子，它們只是 0 和 1 的長序列。為了找到它們，一個傳統(tǒng)計算機必須實驗所有的組合可能，一個接著一個，直到找到那對可以成功破譯加密的組合。但是在量子計算機中，有了足夠多的疊加狀態(tài)的量子比特，可以在同一時間從所有組合中提取信息。只需幾個步驟，一個量子計算機就可以撇開所有不正確的組合，留住正確的那個，然后解鎖我們珍貴的秘密。
11:44
Now, at the crazy quantum level, somethingtruly incredible is happening here. The conventional wisdom held by manyleading physicists -- and you've got to stay with me on this one -- is thateach combination is actually examined by its very own quantum computer insideits very own parallel universe. Each of these combinations, they add up likewaves in a pool of water. The combinations that are wrong, they cancel eachother out. And the combinations that are right, they reinforce and amplify eachother. So at the end of the quantum computing program, all that's left is thecorrect answer, that we can then observe here in this universe.
在瘋狂的量子級別，著實令人難以置信的事情發(fā)生了。許多頂尖物理學家所擁有的傳統(tǒng)智慧—— 這點你們得跟上我—— 每個組合實際上 是由自己的量子計算機 在自己的平行宇宙中檢驗的。每個組合，它們像波浪一樣 積聚在水池中。錯誤的那些組合，它們相互抵消掉。而那些正確的組合，它們加強并相互擴大。所以在量子計算過程結束時，留下了的就只是我們可以在這個宇宙中看到的正確的答案。
12:29
Now, if that doesn't make complete sense toyou, don't stress.
如果你沒有完全搞懂，不要緊張。
12:32
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
12:33
You're in good company. Niels Bohr, one ofthe pioneers of this field, he once said that anyone who could contemplatequantum mechanics without being profoundly shocked, they haven't understood it.
有人陪你們。尼爾斯·波爾，這個領域的先驅者之一，他曾經說過任何認真去思考量子力學而沒有被深深震驚到的人，只是還沒有理解它。
12:46
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
12:47
But you get an idea of what we're upagainst, and why it's now up to us cryptographers to really step it up. And wehave to do it fast, because quantum computers, they already exist in labs allover the world.
但是你們已經知道了我們要面對的，以及為什么現(xiàn)在我們的密碼學家要加緊準備應對它。而且我們必須行動迅速，因為量子計算機已經存在于世界各地的實驗室中。
13:03
Fortunately, at this minute, they onlyexist at a relatively small scale, still too small to break our much largercryptographic keys. But we might not be safe for long. Some folks believe thatsecret government agencies have already built a big enough one, and they justhaven't told anyone yet. Some pundits say they're more like 10 years off. Somepeople say it's more like 30. You might think that if quantum computers are 10years away, surely that's enough time for us cryptographers to figure it outand to secure the internet in time.
幸運的是，目前，它們僅以相對較小的規(guī)模存在，規(guī)模尚無法攻破我們那些數(shù)量龐大的加密密鑰。但是我們安全不了太久了。有些人認為秘密政府機構已經建立了一個 足夠大的量子計算機，只是他們還沒有告訴任何人。一些專家說，還有十年時間。一些人說更有可能是 30 年。你們可能認為如果我們距離量子計算機還有十年之遠，我們密碼學家肯定還有足夠的時間可以想出辦法來及時保護我們的網絡。
13:34
But unfortunately, it's not that easy. Evenif we ignore the many years that it takes to standardize and deploy and thenroll out new encryption technology, in some ways we may already be too late.Smart digital criminals and government agencies may already be storing our mostsensitive encrypted data in anticipation for the quantum future ahead. Themessages of foreign leaders, of war generals or of individuals who questionpower, they're encrypted for now. But as soon as the day comes that someonegets their hands on a quantum computer, they can retroactively break anythingfrom the past. In certain government and financial sectors or in militaryorganizations, sensitive data has got to remain classified for 25 years. So ifa quantum computer really will exist in 10 years, then these guys are already15 years too late to quantum-proof their encryption.
但是不幸的是，沒有那么容易。即使我們忽略進行標準化和部署所要花費的多年時間，然后推出新的加密技術，在某些方面，我們可能已經來不及了。精明的數(shù)字犯罪分子和政府機構可能已經搶在量子計算機大規(guī)模應用之前，開始存儲我們最敏感的機密數(shù)據(jù)了。外國領導人，戰(zhàn)爭將軍，或者質疑權力的個人，他們的信息現(xiàn)在是加密的。但是只要那一天到來，有人有能力操作量子計算機，他們就可以追溯性地破解過去的一切信息。在某些政府和金融部門，或在軍事機構中，敏感數(shù)據(jù)必須保密 25 年。所以如果量子計算機真的在十年后出現(xiàn)，那么這些人晚了 15 年，已經來不及應對量子危機。
14:34
So while many scientists around the worldare racing to try to build a quantum computer, us cryptographers are urgentlylooking to reinvent encryption to protect us long before that day comes. We'relooking for new, hard mathematical problems. We're looking for problems that,just like factorization, can be used on our smartphones and on our laptopstoday. But unlike factorization, we need these problems to be so hard thatthey're even unbreakable with a quantum computer.
所以當世界各地的科學家競相嘗試建造量子計算機時，我們密碼學家正迫切重塑我們的加密系統(tǒng)，以在那天到來之前保護我們。我們正在尋找新的數(shù)學難題。我們正在找像數(shù)字分解那樣的難題，可以用在我們如今的智能手機和電腦上。但是不同于數(shù)字分解，我們需要這個難題足夠難，難到它不能被量子計算機破解。
15:06
In recent years, we've been digging arounda much wider realm of mathematics to look for such problems. We've been lookingat numbers and objects that are far more exotic and far more abstract than theones that you and I are used to, like the ones on our calculators. And webelieve we've found some geometric problems that just might do the trick. Now,unlike those two- and three-dimensional geometric problems that we used to haveto try to solve with pen and graph paper in high school, most of these problemsare defined in well over 500 dimensions. So not only are they a little hard todepict and solve on graph paper, but we believe they're even out of the reachof a quantum computer. So though it's early days, it's here that we are puttingour hope as we try to secure our digital world moving into its quantum future.
最近幾年，我們一直在探索更廣闊的數(shù)學領域，來尋找這樣的難題。我們一直在看那些比你我習慣所見更加奇特的，比計算器上的那些抽象得多的數(shù)字和對象。而且我們相信我們已經找到了一些幾何問題，可能會有幫助。它不像那些我們在高中時用圖紙和筆解決的二維或三維幾何問題，它們大多數(shù)定義在 500 個維度以上。所以它們不只在草紙上難以描述和解決，而且我們相信它們超出了量子計算機的計算范圍。所以雖然現(xiàn)在還早，但此時此刻，我們希望在步入量子未來時，可以確保我們數(shù)字世界的安全。
15:55
Just like all of the other scientists, wecryptographers are tremendously excited at the potential of living in a worldalongside quantum computers. They could be such a force for good. But no matterwhat technological future we live in, our secrets will always be a part of our humanity.And that is worth protecting.
就像所有其他的科學家，我們密碼學家對于未來與量子計算機 一起生活的世界感到非常興奮。這可能是正義的力量。但是無論未來我們有什么樣的技術，我們的秘密都將一直是我們人性的一部分，而它們值得被保護。
16:25
Thanks.
謝謝。
16:26
(Applause)
（掌聲）
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