形容詞和副詞考點(diǎn) 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)

考點(diǎn)3 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)

動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語和謂語之間語法或語義的關(guān)系。英語的語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

1. 各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，be動(dòng)詞隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。

注意 “get+過去分詞”也可以表示被動(dòng)，此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語化。

2. 特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式

（1）帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞。

（2）有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。

His mother gave him a present for his birthday.（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）→

He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

（3）當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不變。

Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）→

The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

（4）使役動(dòng)詞have, make, let以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。

Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）→

A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

（5）一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞，如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等，可以用于句型“It+be+過去分詞+that從句”或“主語+be+過去分詞+to do sth.”。常見的具體用法有：

It is said that... 據(jù)說……

It is reported that... 據(jù)報(bào)道……

It is believed that... 人們相信……

It is hoped that... 人們希望……

It is well known that... 眾所周知……

It is thought that... 人們認(rèn)為……

It is suggested that... 據(jù)建議……

（6）make sb. heard/understood意為“使別人能聽見/理解自己”。

Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解釋清楚些，讓別人能夠理解你的話。

（7）在某些“形容詞+不定式”作表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí)，常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。

This problem is difficult to work out. 這是一個(gè)難以解決的問題。

3. 不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種情況

（1）系動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組，如appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn, disappear, happen, last, lie, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

（2）表示狀態(tài)和歸屬的謂語動(dòng)詞，如：last, hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist, have, own, belong to等。

（3）賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

4. 謂語動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的幾種情況

（1）有些動(dòng)詞可以用其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，特別是當(dāng)主語是物時(shí)，如sell, write, wash, open, lock等。

The book sells well. 這本書銷路好。

This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用。

（2）表示“發(fā)生，進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, add up to, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

His whole school education added up to no more than three years. 他在學(xué)校接受的教育全部加起來還不足三年。

（3）表示感受、感官的系動(dòng)詞，如feel, sound, taste, book, feel等，在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

This book published last month sells well. 上個(gè)月出版的那本書賣得不錯(cuò)。

（4）在need, require, want, be worth, deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。

The door needs repairing.=The door needs to be repaired. 門該修了。

This book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。

5. 謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)

（1）be seated 坐著。如：He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。

（2）be hidden 躲藏。如：He was hidden behind the door.（He hid himself behind the door.）他藏在門后。

（3）be lost 迷路。如：Unsaved changes will be lost. 未保存的更改將丟失。

（4）be drunk 喝醉。如：He must be drunk, or else he is mad. 他肯定是醉了，不然就是瘋了。

（5）be dressed 穿著。如：The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 那位女孩穿著一條紅色的短裙。

注意

be determined, be pleased, be graduated（from）, be finished, be prepared（for）, be occupied（in）, get married等都屬于被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的情況。

He is graduated from a famous university. 他畢業(yè)于一所著名的大學(xué)。