10 what的用法 Track10
what作為關(guān)系代詞,用法很特殊,它是先行詞和關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)合體,我們姑且稱之為 “縮合關(guān)系詞”。它的一般含義可理解為:the things that, all that。具體用法有以下三點需要注意:
(1) what前不能有先行詞
what包括一個關(guān)系代詞及其“先行詞”。 所以,what前面不能再有先行詞出現(xiàn)。換句話說,如果句中已有先行詞,就一定不能再用what引導(dǎo)定語從句。
a.You can have everything what you like. *
b.All_________is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
A. what is needed
B. the things needed
C. for our needs
D. that is needed
正確答案:D。
(2) what單獨使用
此時,what作關(guān)系代詞,可表示物,也可表示人。
a.She is not what she used to be.
=She is not the girl that she used to be.
b.Show me what you have written.
=Show me the things that you have written.
c.He is not what he was a few years ago.
=He is not the man that he was a few years ago.
我們注意到以上句中what前均沒有先行詞。
(3) what +名詞
此時,what作關(guān)系形容詞,結(jié)構(gòu)是“what +名詞”,意為“所有的……,盡可能多的……”。
a.I will give you what help I can. 我會盡可能地幫你。
b. What money I have has been given to you. = All the money that I have has been given to you 我身上所有的錢都給了你了。
c.Lend me what reference books you have on the subject.
=Lend me all the reference books that you have on the subject.
請把你所有的有關(guān)這個研究專題的參考書借給我。
以上是what最基本的三條用法,其中“what前不能有先行詞”是正確使用what的一個前提。凡是由what引導(dǎo)的定語從句均可改為“特定的先行詞+關(guān)系代詞that”。這說起來較為簡單,但在實際使用過程中較為復(fù)雜,有時難以判斷what之前到底是有還是沒有“先行詞”。
請分析如下練習:
d.Beethoven, the great musician, wrote(A) nine symphonies in his life, most of what(B) were written after he had lost(C) his hearing(D).
e.As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ______furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.
A. what
B. that
C. which
D. such
f.Most of_________food elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. as
g.Most(A) of the food what(B) elephants eat is brought(C) to their mouths by their(D) trunks.
h.Most of_________archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures is based on studies of material remains.
A. these
B. what
C. which
D. their
我們先對上述習題進行分析研究,讓大家進一步明確what的用法。
d. 正確答案:B,應(yīng)改為most of which。因為這里的what前面有先行詞nine symphonies,所以改成most of which,也就相當于most of nine symphonies。
e. 正確答案:A。這個句子有一定的難度,with前的主句我們不難理解,關(guān)鍵是對with后面成分的理解。
1)其實,這里實際上是由with引導(dǎo)的一個獨立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)(詳細內(nèi)容參見“Chapter 6分詞”),其一般結(jié)構(gòu)是:with +名詞 / 名詞性短語+分詞。此句中的結(jié)構(gòu)可看成:with + what引導(dǎo)的一個名詞從句(相當于名詞短語)+ saved for the dawn(分詞結(jié)構(gòu))。這個with獨立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語,表示原因。
2)我們再來分析這個由what引導(dǎo)的名詞從句:most of what furnace fuel is allowed。據(jù)以上分析我們得知,what前沒有先行詞,這里的what是上文所說的what的第三種用法:what +名詞(furnace fuel)。引導(dǎo)的名詞從句確切地說應(yīng)為:what furnace fuel is allowed(所分配的鍋爐燃料),可改為定語從句:all the furnace fuel that is allowed。然后再加上most of (what furnace fuel is allowed),也就相當于:most of all the furnace fuel that is allowed,即“所分配的鍋爐燃料中的大部分”,不要將其理解成:( most of what furnace fuel )is allowed*。
3)此句可譯成:到了冬天,由于所分配的鍋爐燃料中的大部分需要節(jié)省下來等到黎明時候再用,因此(夜里)冷得難受。
f. 正確答案:A。這里也還是what的第三種用法:what +名詞(food),what前沒有先行詞。
g. 正確答案:B,應(yīng)改為which或that。因為此句中有先行詞the food。大家可將其與f題進行比較。
h. 正確答案:B。what前沒有先行詞,且又引導(dǎo)一個從句。
在這里,需要說明的是,what引導(dǎo)的從句從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,既可以理解為定語從句,也可理解為名詞從句。