6 全面理解“先行詞” Track06
我們知道,先行詞和關系詞是定語從句的兩個重要概念,定語從句的核心內容就是圍繞先行詞和關系詞展開的。我們現在簡單回顧一下這兩個重要概念。請看例句:
a.The girl is my girlfriend. She is dancing with that boy.
b. The girl who is dancing with that boy is my girlfriend.
正在和那個男孩跳舞的女孩是我的女朋友。
1) 先行詞:被關系詞所指代(b句中用who指代the girl),并且被定語從句所修飾或限定的對象稱為先行詞。b句中the girl即為先行詞。
2) 關系詞:重復指代先行詞,起連接主句和從句的作用并且在定語從句中充當一定成分的連接詞。b句中的who即為關系詞。因此關系詞有兩個作用:①代詞作用:重復指代先行詞并且在定語從句中充當一定成分;②連接作用:起連接主句和從句的作用。
(1)先行詞可以不只是一個詞
盡管我們把定語從句所修飾的對象稱為先行詞,但先行詞并不一定都是一個“詞”。先行詞可以是:
1)一個詞(通常是名詞,也可以是代詞)
a. The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.
b. He who laughs last, laughs best. 誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。
c.Never leave that until tomorrow which you can do today.今日事,今日畢。
2)一個短語
He likes climbing mountains , which is a good exercise.
3)一個分句
He said that he had no time , which isn't true.
4)一個完整的句子
a. He arrived an hour later , which annoyed his girlfriend very much.
b. My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys , which really drives me crazy.
(2)正確找出先行詞
只有先正確找出先行詞,才能明白定語從句所修飾的真正成分是什么,這樣才能正確理解句子前后的邏輯關系,分清句子結構,從而正確理解句子的意思。之所以這樣講,是因為有時先行詞并不像常規(guī)那樣[如下列1)中的a,b句]緊靠著關系詞,而是與關系詞之間插入了其他成分[如下列2)中的a,b,c,d句],這時位于關系詞前面的名詞就不是先行詞。
1)先行詞緊靠關系詞
a.There is a very interesting remark in a book by a man who is a great American writer.
b. The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.
2)先行詞與關系詞被分隔
a. There is a very interesting remark in a book by an American writer that I read recently .
分析:先行詞a book與關系代詞that被先行詞的另一個定語by an American writer所隔開,即先行詞a book帶有兩個定語:一個是介詞短語by an American writer,另一個是that引導的定語從句。
b. I don't suppose anything happens that he doesn't foresee.
分析:先行詞anything與關系代詞that被suppose的賓語從句中的謂語動詞happens所隔開。注意,先行詞為anything這樣的不定代詞時,關系詞用that而不用which。
c. He who laughs last , laughs best. 誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。
d. Never leaves that until tomorrow which you can do today. 今日事,今日畢。
(3)正確找出先行詞關系到:
1)關系詞的選擇
a. He needs a long spoon_________sups with the devil.
A. who
B. which
C. as
D. when
正確答案:A。
分析:因為定語從句的先行詞是he,而不是spoon,因此關系詞應該為關系代詞。這是一句諺語,字面意思是“同魔鬼一起喝湯需要用一把長勺子”,言外之意就是“同壞人打交道需要提防著”。
b.The world is a book, and those_________read only a page do not travel.
A. which
B. who
C. what
D. whom
正確答案:B。
分析:先行詞是指“人”的those,因此關系詞應該為關系代詞,且在定語從句中作主語。
2)定語從句中的主謂一致問題
a. Despite (A) much research, there are still certain elements in(B) the life cycle of the insect that is(C) not fully understood(D).
正確答案:C,應改為are。先行詞是certain elements,而不是the insect。
b.It is(A) the interaction(B) between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that are(C) the main focus of social(D)psychology.
正確答案:C,應改為is。先行詞是the interaction,而不是their lives。
相信大家已經體會到“抓住先行詞”對于正確理解定語從句的重要意義。在今后的學習當中,遇到定語從句的時候,首先要想到“抓住先行詞”。因為只有正確找到先行詞,才能分清句子結構,理解句子各部分的邏輯關系,從而正確理解句子的意思。