65　表示時(shí)間、日期的介詞　Track57

65　表示時(shí)間、日期的介詞　Track57

（1）at，in，on

1）at（主要表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)）

①用來(lái)表示在特定的某一時(shí)刻。例如：

at nine a.m. 在上午九點(diǎn)鐘　at nine after ten在十點(diǎn)零九分

②用來(lái)表示不確定的某一時(shí)刻。例如：

at night　at dawn　at midnight　at that time　at the moment

at the beginning/end of　at Christmas在圣誕節(jié)期間

at Easter在復(fù)活節(jié)期間

注意：on Christmas Day 在圣誕節(jié)當(dāng)天

③用來(lái)表示年齡段。例如：

at the age of eight/at eight

He got married at twenty.　他二十歲結(jié)婚。

2）in（主要表示時(shí)間段）

①一般指在相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)。例如：

in the morning/afternoon/evening

in spring/summer/autumn/winter

in the past/in the past ten years　在過(guò)去/在過(guò)去十年中

in the twenty-first century　在二十一世紀(jì)

a man in his thirties　一個(gè)三十幾歲的男子

②in還可表示“在……時(shí)間之內(nèi)/之后”，通常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中。例如：

a. He said he would come back in a month.

b. The train is leaving in a minute.

③in+動(dòng)名詞：in doing sth.

這一用法的意思相當(dāng)于：during the course of doing sth.，即“在做……的過(guò)程當(dāng)中”，例如：

a. In crossing the river, we caught some fish.

b. In working, we can learn a lot.

3）on（主要表示具體的某一天）

①表示具體的日期和星期。例如：

on Monday (Tuesday/Wednesday/Thursday/Friday/Saturday/Sunday)

on my birthday

on their wedding anniversary

The People's Republic of China was founded on October 1st, 1949.

注意：如果不是具體的幾月幾日，而只是說(shuō)幾月，我們要用介詞in, 如：in October。

②表示特定某一天的上午、下午、凌晨或半夜等。例如：

on the night/morning/afternoon of December 31, 1999

on the eve of Christmas/New Year

on a hot midnight in July

on the afternoon of April 1, 1990

on a cold afternoon in January

a. I like going out for a walk on a fine day. 我喜歡在好天氣出去散步。

b. On that particular evening, there was a strange excitement in the air.

注意：如上所述，如不是特定的某一天的某一時(shí)刻，則用at。

③表示“在第幾天”。例如：

on his first day to school

On the tenth day I was in Beijing.

④ on+動(dòng)名詞或名詞：on doing sth.

這一用法的意思相當(dāng)于when somebody does sth.或as soon as somebody does sth.，即“在做……的時(shí)候”或“一……就……”，例如：

a. On hearing the bad news, she burst into tears.

一聽(tīng)說(shuō)這個(gè)壞消息，她禁不住哭了起來(lái)。

b. On arriving, I came directly to visit you.

我一到達(dá)，就直接來(lái)看你了。

4）in the beginning/end與at the beginning/end

at the beginning表示“在……的開(kāi)頭”，例如：

At the beginning of a book there is often a table of contents.

一本書(shū)的開(kāi)頭，通常有個(gè)目錄。

at the beginning of the concert

at the beginning of January

in the beginning意思相當(dāng)于at first或in the early stages，“在最初，起初”，暗含著以后會(huì)有所變化。例如：

In the beginning, I wrote to my family regularly; later I just gave up.　一開(kāi)始，我定期給家里寫(xiě)信，后來(lái)就不寫(xiě)了。

同樣，at the end表示“在……末尾，在……最后”，例如：

a. But at the end of this process, unfortunately, the students are none the wiser.

遺憾的是，經(jīng)過(guò)這段時(shí)間的培訓(xùn)，這些學(xué)生并沒(méi)有聰明多少。

b. At the end of a book there may be an index.

書(shū)的結(jié)尾可能會(huì)有個(gè)索引。

at the end of the concert　演奏會(huì)的尾聲

at the end of January　一月底

in the end則與in the beginning相對(duì)應(yīng)，表示“最終……”，相當(dāng)于eventually或at last。例如：

a. At first his mother opposed the marriage, but in the end she gave her consent.　一開(kāi)始他母親反對(duì)這樁婚事，但最后還是同意了。

b. Jim couldn't decide where to go for his holidays. He didn't go anywhere in the end.　吉姆不知道去哪里度假，最后他哪里都沒(méi)去。

c. He got more and more angry. In the end he just walked out of the room.　他越來(lái)越生氣，最后徑直走出房間。

at the beginning/end通常與of連用。而in the beginning/end一般不能接of短語(yǔ)，我們不能說(shuō)：in the beginning/end of something*。

5）last/next/this/every前不用at/on/in：

a. I'll see you next Friday.　（不說(shuō)：on next Friday*）

b. Do you work every Sunday??。ú徽f(shuō)：on every Sunday*）

（2）during，for

上面三個(gè)表示時(shí)間的介詞，主要是表示某一時(shí)刻（in可表示一段時(shí)間）。而during和for則表示一段時(shí)間。他們后面接表示“時(shí)間段”的名詞。

1）during表示“在……期間內(nèi)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)在某一期間發(fā)生了什么事。表示事件發(fā)生的過(guò)程，不表示在此過(guò)程中事件發(fā)生的起止時(shí)間。for則表示這件事延續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短，指出了事件發(fā)生的開(kāi)始時(shí)間。

a. I had lived in the countryside for 8 years before I moved to Beijing.　在搬到北京之前，我在鄉(xiāng)下住了八年。

b. I studied in this university for 4 years. During that time most of my time was spent in learning English.

我在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了四年，在這期間，大多數(shù)時(shí)間我都花在學(xué)英語(yǔ)上了。

c. My father was in hospital for six weeks during the summer.

夏天，我父親在醫(yī)院住院六個(gè)星期。

2）during可接表示事件延續(xù)一段時(shí)間的名詞，如stay，visit，travel等；for一般不能這樣用。如：

during my visit to China　在我訪問(wèn)中國(guó)期間

during the travel to the south　在去南方途中

during the Middle Ages　在中世紀(jì)

during his childhood　在他童年時(shí)期

during my holidays　在我的假期

而for一般只接具體的時(shí)間量。如：

for six years

for two months

for ever

for two hours

（3）from, since, for

1）from

from通常要和介詞to或till/until連用。如：

Most people work from nine to five.　多數(shù)人過(guò)著朝九晚五的生活。

2）since

since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，表示“從那一時(shí)刻起”，事件開(kāi)始發(fā)生，它通常要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用。

a. He has been here since last Sunday.

自從上星期日起，他就一直在這兒。

b. I haven't seen him since two years ago.　我兩年沒(méi)見(jiàn)他了。

c. I haven't seen him for two years.

d. It's two years since I last saw him.

3）for

for+時(shí)間段，表示動(dòng)作延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的那一時(shí)刻。通常也要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用。如上面例句所示，“for+一段時(shí)間”可與“since+動(dòng)作開(kāi)始的時(shí)刻”替換。

a. I have lived here for a year.

b. I have lived here since this time last year.

（4）before, after, till/until

這幾個(gè)詞即可作介詞接短語(yǔ)，又可用作連詞接從句。它們后面所接的時(shí)間一般是“時(shí)間點(diǎn)”，以表示“在某一時(shí)刻之前（before）”、“在某一時(shí)刻之后（after）”、“一直到某一時(shí)刻為止（till/until）”。例如：

a. We finished the work before 10 o'clock.

b. I'll wait for you till 10 o'clock.

需要注意的是till/until的如下用法特點(diǎn)：

1）延續(xù)性句子謂語(yǔ)（用肯定）+till/until+時(shí)間點(diǎn)（若是從句，則從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是短暫性動(dòng)詞）

2）短暫性句子謂語(yǔ)（用否定）+till/until+時(shí)間點(diǎn)（若是從句，則從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是短暫性動(dòng)詞）

c. He didn't finish the work until 10 o'clock. （finish短暫性動(dòng)詞，用否定）

d. He didn't leave the office till 12 o'clock.

e. He will stay here until next Sunday. （stay延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，用肯定）

（5）by

1）by的意思是no later than，表示“不遲于某個(gè)時(shí)間”、“到了某個(gè)時(shí)間”。例如：

by the end of next year　到明年年底為止

2）by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常與將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)連用。例如：

a. By the end of next year I'll have learned 2,000 words. （將來(lái)完成時(shí)）

b. By the end of last year I had learned 2,000 words. （過(guò)去完成時(shí)）