第8章　時(shí)　態(tài) 8.6　過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

8.6　過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

8.6.1　過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法

1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)前某事業(yè)已發(fā)生（可說(shuō)是過(guò)去的過(guò)去）：

When I arrived Jane had just left. 我到時(shí)簡(jiǎn)剛剛離開(kāi)。

The play had already started when we got to the theatre. 我們到劇場(chǎng)時(shí)戲已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。

Up till then we had only covered half the distance. 到那時(shí)我們才走了一半路程。

She had rushed out of the door before I could stop her. 我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及攔阻她已沖出門去了。

By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients. 到六月底他們已治療了一萬(wàn)多病人。

Before daybreak they had already wiped out all the enemy troops. 拂曉前他們已把敵軍全部殲滅。

2) 過(guò)去時(shí)間有時(shí)由一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示出來(lái)（如上例），但在更多情況下時(shí)間都由上下文表示出來(lái)：

She found she had left her case on the train. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)她把箱子遺忘在火車上了。

It was the first time I had been in a foreign country. 那是我第一次到國(guó)外。

She had changed so much I couldn't recognize her. 她變了那么多，我都認(rèn)不出她來(lái)了。

He had served in the army for ten years, last year he retired. 他在部隊(duì)干了十年，去年退役了。

He showed me the poems he had written. 他讓我看他寫的詩(shī)。

They took us to see the hydroelectric plant they had built. 他們帶我們?nèi)タ此麄冃藿ǖ乃Πl(fā)電廠。

He believed that he had done the right thing. 他相信他做的事是對(duì)的。

I didn't know I had given you so much trouble. 我不知道給你添了這么多麻煩。

3) 這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)還可用在故事中追敘更早時(shí)間發(fā)生的事：

Tom was 23 when our story begins. His father had died five years before. Since then Tom had lived alone. His father had advised him not to get married till he was 35, and Tom intended to follow this advice. 我們的故事開(kāi)始時(shí)湯姆二十三歲。他的父親五年前已經(jīng)過(guò)世。從那時(shí)起湯姆一直一個(gè)人生活。他父親曾勸他到三十五歲再結(jié)婚，湯姆打算照這個(gè)意思做。

Lao Bai was a poor peasant. Back in 1933 he had come to settle in Yuan Mao. He had been a hard worker and had cleared fifty mu of land. One year, the rainfall was unfavourable. He began... 老白是一位貧苦的農(nóng)民，1933年來(lái)到元茂村落戶。他辛辛苦苦開(kāi)了五十畝荒地。有一年雨水不調(diào)，他開(kāi)始…

還可描述一幅景像：

Dusk had fallen. The moon was shining faintly on the winding road. Silence reigned in the village. 夜色已經(jīng)降臨，淡淡的月光照在蜿蜒的路上，村子里一片寧?kù)o。

8.6.2　使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的一些常見(jiàn)情況

在下面情況中我們?？墒褂眠^(guò)去完成時(shí)：

1) 用在賓語(yǔ)從句中（特別是在間接引語(yǔ)中）：

He said that he had been in China for over ten years. 他說(shuō)他在中國(guó)已經(jīng)有十多年了。

He told me that he had known her since he was a child. 他告訴我他從小就認(rèn)識(shí)她。

I heard that they had made an important discovery. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他們有了一個(gè)重要發(fā)現(xiàn)。

She learned that scientists had made a breakthrough in the treatment of that disease. 她了解到科學(xué)家在治療那種疾病方面有了突破。

I was afraid I had offended her. 我擔(dān)心我得罪了她。

2) 用在狀語(yǔ)從句中：

When she had sung her song she sat down. 她唱完歌后坐了下來(lái)。

I found the letter long after he had gone away. 他走后好久我才找到那封信。

Before we had finished our meal he ordered us back to work. 不等我們吃完飯他就命令我們回去干活。

He refused to go till he had searched all the rooms. 他把所有房間搜查了一遍后才離開(kāi)。

I didn't begin the work until he had gone. 直到他走了我才開(kāi)始這工作。

As soon as he had done it, he knew it was a mistake. 他剛一動(dòng)手就知道做錯(cuò)了。

3) 用在定語(yǔ)從句中：

She showed me the pictures she had painted. 她把她畫的畫拿給我看。

The old oak tree, which had stood in the yard for a hundred years, suddenly crashed to the ground. 這棵老橡樹(shù)在院子里已挺立了一百年，有天突然倒了下來(lái)。

Peter, who had waited for an hour, was very angry when his sister came up.彼得等了一個(gè)鐘頭，當(dāng)看見(jiàn)他妹妹出現(xiàn)時(shí)他很生氣。

She wore the necklace her mother had left her. 她戴著她母親留給她的項(xiàng)鏈。

4) 和time這個(gè)詞一道用：

It was the first time I had made such a mistake. 這是我首次出這樣的錯(cuò)。

It was the second time he had been in that house. 這是他第二次進(jìn)那座房子。

It was the third time she had been out with him. 這是她第三次和他外出。

5) 用在than或as引導(dǎo)的從句中：

We finished the work earlier than we had expected. 我們?cè)缬陬A(yù)期完成了這項(xiàng)工作。

The concert was more successful than they had thought. 音樂(lè)會(huì)比他們預(yù)想的還要成功。

We didn't get along as well as we had hoped. 我們相處得沒(méi)有希望的那樣好。

6) 用于hope， intend， mean， think等動(dòng)詞表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望：

I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the train. 我本來(lái)希望昨晚回來(lái)的，但沒(méi)搭上火車。

I'd intended visiting him this weekend but I wasn't able to make it. 我本想這個(gè)周末去看望他的，但這次去不成了。

We had thought to return early but they wouldn't let us go. 我們本想早回來(lái)的，但他們不讓我們走。

8.6.3　過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

1) 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示持續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作：

He was tired. He had been working since dawn. 他很累，天亮起就一直在工作。

It had been snowing all night. The ground was covered with thick snow. 下了一夜的雪，地上覆蓋著厚厚一層白雪。

They were just back. They had been skiing in the mountains. 他們剛回來(lái)，他們一直在山里滑雪。

The war had been going on for two years until they agreed on a cease-fire.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)行了兩年直到他們達(dá)成了一項(xiàng)?；饏f(xié)議。

She had been trying to find a job. She still hadn't found one. 她一直在設(shè)法找工作，但仍沒(méi)找到。

He asked how long I had been waiting. 他問(wèn)我等多久了。

2) 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法是一致的，只不過(guò)是把時(shí)間從現(xiàn)在移到了過(guò)去：

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

* * *

* * *

I've often been thinking of you.　　　　　　　　　　　 I had often been thinking of you.

He's been worrying about her safety.　　　　　　　　　 He'd been worrying about her safety.

Obviously she's been crying.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Obviously she'd been crying.

All these years he's been travelling.　　　　　　　　　 All these years he'd been travelling.

3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的差別是，前者表示動(dòng)作業(yè)已完成，后者表示動(dòng)作一直在繼續(xù)（可能還在進(jìn)行）：

過(guò)去完成時(shí)

（動(dòng)作業(yè)已完成） 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

（動(dòng)作可能還在進(jìn)行）

* * *

* * *

She had cleaned the kitchen.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 She had been cleaning the kitchen.

4) 這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)常可用在某些從句中：

I didn't know you had been waiting for me. 我不知道你一直在等我。

He couldn't guess where she had been hiding. 他猜不出她躲在哪里。

Nancy told me she'd been looking for me. 南希告訴我她一直在找我。

That was what I had been trying to do. 那正是我一直想要做的事。

That was the letter she had been expecting. 這正是她一直盼著的信。