這是個好主意,但別弄在我家后院。——同一件事,有人看到的是“業(yè)主維權(quán)”,有人上升到“鄰避”的高度。是時候好好思考一下了。
“NIMBY”,是Not In My Back Yard的縮寫,中文一般稱為“鄰避”。
NIMBY (an acronym for the phrase “Not In My Back Yard”), or Nimby (as a word, instead of an acronym), is a pejorative characterization of opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them (or, in some cases, because the development involves controversial or dangerous technology) often with the connotation that such residents believe that the developments are needed in society but should be further away.
NIMBY(“不要在我的后院”的縮寫)是一種略帶貶義的描述,它是指居民因擔(dān)心某些新建項目(如開發(fā)包含有爭議性或者危險的科技),距離他們太近,從而滋生“不要建在我家后院”的心理,并采取反對甚至是抗議的行為。NIMBY還有一種隱含的意義:居民們覺得社會需要這樣的開發(fā),但是應(yīng)該離自己家遠一點。
The residents are often called Nimbies and their state of mind is called Nimbyism.
這樣的居民通常被稱為Nimbies(鄰避主義者),他們的思想狀態(tài)被稱為Nimbyism(鄰避主義)。
An airport is a typical example of a development that can cause a NIMBY reaction: though locals may benefit from improved transport links and new jobs, they may oppose it with objections to the noise, pollution and traffic it will generate.
機場就是一個典型的開發(fā)導(dǎo)致鄰避反應(yīng)的例子:盡管當(dāng)?shù)乜赡軓母牧嫉慕煌屑~和更多的工作崗位中受益,但鄰避主義者可能反對,因為機場周邊會產(chǎn)生噪音、污染和交通問題。
除了機場,被鄰避現(xiàn)象“趕跑”的項目五花八門:從住宅開發(fā)到摩天大樓,從庇護所(homeless shelters)到工業(yè)園區(qū),更別提軍事基地、監(jiān)獄……在鄰避現(xiàn)象面前,有時候市政規(guī)劃都是“浮云”。
“鄰避”主義者要求“Not in my back yard”的原因當(dāng)然也絕不只是“噪音大”、“擋我光”這么簡單。
個人利益和社區(qū)發(fā)展之間的“討價還價”,甚至貧富矛盾的社會現(xiàn)象,都可以從“鄰避”運動中窺見一斑。
影響風(fēng)景的通信塔
2011年1月25日,CBC News(加拿大廣播公司)報道了這樣一則新聞:
A group of people in the seaside community of Lawrence town, N.S., are trying to stop Eastlink from putting up a telecommunications tower in the area.
一群新斯科舍省Lawrencetown沿海社區(qū)的居民正在試圖阻止Eastlink(一家電視和通訊公司)在該區(qū)域建造一座通訊塔。
這一座76米高的通訊塔被設(shè)計建造在省立公園Lawrence town Beach Provincial Park附近。當(dāng)?shù)厝朔磳ζ浣ㄔ斓脑蚴?,這種通訊塔的出現(xiàn)破壞了原本的風(fēng)景。
Jimmy Inch, who lives less than one kilometre from the proposed tower site, started an online petition against the tower's construction.
Jimmy Inch曾發(fā)起反對通訊塔建設(shè)的網(wǎng)上請愿,這座塔的選址距離他居住范圍還不到1000米。
Inch said more than 250 people have signed the online petition, largely because of concerns about how the tower might affect tourism and the view of the area's beaches.
Inch說已經(jīng)有超過了250人在網(wǎng)上請愿上簽名,很大程度上出于這座塔將影響旅游業(yè)和該區(qū)域海灘的景觀的考慮。
同樣生活在該區(qū)域的Jamie Sommers表示:
The tower is not a natural fit with Lawrence town.
這座塔和Lawrence town的自然景色不搭。
后來,他們還在Facebook上創(chuàng)立了自己的主頁Stop Tower Scapes。目前,這場曠日持久的拉鋸戰(zhàn)仍在進行中。你也可以通過他們的主頁,為這項請愿投上一票。
被迫“變道”的高速路
1980年代,一個名叫the Palm Beach County Expressway Authority的組織計劃興修一系列東西走向的高速公路,以完善度假勝地西棕櫚灘(West Palm Beach)的交通條件。
Many neighbors in areas such as Westgate and Lake Belvedere Estates strongly opposed this plan citing it would wipe out their neighborhoods.Ultimately the plan was revised to create SR-80 Boulevard into an express like roadway by eliminating traffic lights and overpassing other local roadways.
許多區(qū)域(如Westgate和Lake Belvedere Estates)的居民強烈地反對這一計劃,指出它將會毀掉他們的社區(qū)。最后這一計劃被修訂為將SR-80大道改建成一個快車道,移除交通信號燈、跨過其它的當(dāng)?shù)氐缆贰?br />
搬遷失敗的少管學(xué)校
When Christian Zheng Sheng College, a correctional school for young drug addicts, opened in 1998, several people called it an eyesore.In June 2009, residents of Mui Wo voiced objection when they announced they are planning to move their campus into an empty school building there.
一所收留有毒癮年輕人的“改造學(xué)院”——香港基督教正生書院自1998年建立以來,就被一些人視為“眼中釘”。2009年6月,當(dāng)該學(xué)校宣布計劃把他們的校舍搬入香港梅窩一所閑置的學(xué)校建筑時,遭到了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦姆磳Α?br />
據(jù)香港《星島日報》2016年7月18日報道,正生書院爭取新校舍仍“無果”。
注:據(jù)香港電視節(jié)目《星期日檔案-正生書院的日與夜》報道,正生書院學(xué)生在入學(xué)時都已沒有毒癮。
被諷刺的冷漠鄰避主義者
2007年,位于英國薩里郡Ashtead村的居民反對將一座價值170萬英鎊的住宅地產(chǎn)變?yōu)榧彝ブг?wù)中心(Family Support Centre)。這一處地產(chǎn)被一個SSAFA (Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen and Families Association) Forces Help的慈善機構(gòu)買下,該機構(gòu)致力于為英國受傷的士兵或者退伍老兵提供終身贍養(yǎng)(lifelong support)。
Local residents objected to the proposal out of fear of increased traffic and noise, as well as the possibility of an increased threat of terrorism.
當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窬芙^這個提議,因為擔(dān)心不斷增加的交通壓力和噪音影響,以及潛在增長的恐怖主義威脅。
當(dāng)?shù)貓蠹垖用襁@樣的“鄰避”行為感到不滿,用辛辣的言辭對這一現(xiàn)象進行諷刺:
Nimby neighbours' war with wounded soldiers' families.
鄰避主義者向受傷士兵的家庭發(fā)起戰(zhàn)爭。
“No Heroes in my Backyard.”
“我們家里不歡迎英雄。”
從NIMBY,還衍生出來了一系列其他的縮寫詞:
NIMN
Not In My Neighborhood
別在我的街區(qū)里
“NIMN”additionally refers to legislative actions or private agreements made with the sole purpose of maintaining racial identity within a particular neighborhood or residential area by forcefully keeping members of other races from moving into the area.
NIMN有一層額外的含義:一些立法行為或者私人協(xié)議,通過強制禁止其他種族的人搬進該區(qū)域的方式,達到在一個街區(qū)或者住宅區(qū)維持種族認同的目的。
NIABY
Not In Anyone's Backyard
別在任何人的后院里
比如一些核電設(shè)施的建設(shè),就通常受制于NIABY主義。
此外,還有:
NAMBI-Not Against My Business or Industry
BANANA-Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything (Anyone)
甚至是
PIBBY-Place In Blacks' Back Yard
這樣歧視且冒犯的詞匯。
所以看似單純只出于業(yè)主意愿的“鄰避”現(xiàn)象,背后可能不僅僅是“業(yè)主維權(quán)”這樣簡單。
這樣為了將“不安定因素”隔離在外、近乎“宣示主權(quán)”的行為,反映出的更深層的社會現(xiàn)象與矛盾,值得仔細思考。